GOING SmokELESS: PROMOTIONAL Features AND Reach of U.S. SMOkeless Tobacco Direct-mail Advertising (July 2017-August 2018)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Czaplicki ◽  
Basmah Rahman ◽  
Randall Simpson ◽  
Shyanika W Rose ◽  
Michael Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Product Type ◽  
Direct Mail ◽  
Blue Collar ◽  
Chewing Tobacco ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Low Income Households

Abstract Introduction While cigarette use in the U.S. has declined over time, smokeless tobacco (SLT) use has remained steady. Direct-mail advertising and coupon redemption have been linked to increased tobacco use, and efforts to promote SLT through direct-mail advertising may contribute to sustained SLT use. We examined reach of SLT direct-mail advertisements by recipient demographics and promotional features, including coupons. Methods Direct-mail data (n=418) were acquired from Comperemedia (Mintel) and coded for product type (traditional (e.g. chewing tobacco), pouched (e.g. moist snuff, snus), or both (traditional SLT and any pouched SLT products); promotions (e.g. coupons); flavors; and themes (e.g. masculinity). Using Mintel’s volume estimates for number of pieces sent, we calculated the proportion of mail volume sent by recipient demographics (age; income; region) and advertising features across product type. Results Between July 2017-August 2018, tobacco companies sent an estimated 249 million pieces of SLT direct-mail to U.S. households; approximately half (49.6%) featured pouched SLT products. Across product types, over 75% of mail volume was sent to 31-60-year-olds and 30-40% was sent to low-income households. The majority (>70%) of pouched SLT product mail contained coupons and flavor promotions. Outdoor and blue-collar-lifestyle themes were prominent in advertisements for all product types, along with less common adventure- and fun-related appeals. Discussion Coupons, flavors, and a combination of blue-collar and fun/adventure message themes were used to promote traditional and pouched SLT products through direct-mail, particularly to low-income households. Results support limits on direct-mail coupon distribution and continued surveillance of marketing appeals. Implications There is a long history of research into tobacco advertising practices, largely focusing on cigarettes. This study highlights specific direct-mail marketing tactics used by the tobacco industry, including coupons to promote smokeless tobacco (SLT) products across the U.S. Given the limited success in reducing SLT use and the association between direct-mail promotions and tobacco use, these study results provide support for policies to restrict use of coupons in direct-to-consumer tobacco marketing and indicate the need for continued surveillance of direct-mail advertisements as the smokeless tobacco market continues to evolve.

Oral Effects of Smokeless Tobacco Use by Professional Baseball Players

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.B. Robertson ◽  
M.M. Walsh ◽  
J.C. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Gingival Recession ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Root Caries ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Chewing Tobacco ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco Use ◽  
Mucosal Lesions

This is a review of studies conducted from 1988-90 on the oral consequences of snuff and chewing tobacco use among professional baseball players. About half of the players studied were smokeless tobacco (ST) users, the majority of whom used snuff. Compared with non-users, players who used ST showed a significantly higher prevalence of leukoplakia, which was related to placement of the ST quid, and the frequency, amount, duration, and type of ST used. Sites adjacent to these mucosal lesions showed an increased prevalence of gingival recession with associated attachment loss, cervical abrasion, and root caries than did comparable sites in non-users. Extrinsic stain and occlusal attrition were also more frequent in ST users than in non-users. While ST use placed players at significantly increased risk for mucosal lesions and other oral problems, no differences were found between ST non-users and users in measurements of batting, fielding, and pitching performance during the baseball season.

Educational and wealth inequalities in tobacco use among men and women in 54 low-income and middle-income countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy ◽  
Sam Harper ◽  
Linda Ernstsen
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Educational Inequalities ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Index Of Inequality ◽  
Wealth Inequalities

BackgroundSocioeconomic differentials of tobacco smoking in high-income countries are well described. However, studies to support health policies and place monitoring systems to tackle socioeconomic inequalities in smoking and smokeless tobacco use common in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) are seldom reported. We aimed to describe, sex-wise, educational and wealth-related inequalities in tobacco use in LMICs.MethodsWe analysed Demographic and Health Survey data on tobacco use collected from large nationally representative samples of men and women in 54 LMICs. We estimated the weighted prevalence of any current tobacco use (including smokeless tobacco) in each country for 4 educational groups and 4 wealth groups. We calculated absolute and relative measures of inequality, that is, the slope index of inequality (SII) and relative index of inequality (RII), which take into account the distribution of prevalence across all education and wealth groups and account for population size. We also calculated the aggregate SII and RII for low-income (LIC), lower-middle-income (lMIC) and upper-middle-income (uMIC) countries as per World Bank classification.FindingsMale tobacco use was highest in Bangladesh (70.3%) and lowest in Sao Tome (7.4%), whereas female tobacco use was highest in Madagascar (21%) and lowest in Tajikistan (0.22%). Among men, educational inequalities varied widely between countries, but aggregate RII and SII showed an inverse trend by country wealth groups. RII was 3.61 (95% CI 2.83 to 4.61) in LICs, 1.99 (95% CI 1.66 to 2.38) in lMIC and 1.82 (95% CI 1.24 to 2.67) in uMIC. Wealth inequalities among men varied less between countries, but RII and SII showed an inverse pattern where RII was 2.43 (95% CI 2.05 to 2.88) in LICs, 1.84 (95% CI 1.54 to 2.21) in lMICs and 1.67 (95% CI 1.15 to 2.42) in uMICs. For educational inequalities among women, the RII varied much more than SII varied between the countries, and the aggregate RII was 14.49 (95% CI 8.87 to 23.68) in LICs, 3.05 (95% CI 1.44 to 6.47) in lMIC and 1.58 (95% CI 0.33 to 7.56) in uMIC. Wealth inequalities among women showed a pattern similar to that of men: the RII was 5.88 (95% CI 3.91 to 8.85) in LICs, 1.76 (95% CI 0.80 to 3.85) in lMIC and 0.39 (95% CI 0.09 to 1.64) in uMIC. In contrast to men, among women, the SII was pro-rich (higher smoking among the more advantaged) in 13 of the 52 countries (7 of 23 lMIC and 5 of 7 uMIC).InterpretationOur results confirm that socioeconomic inequalities tobacco use exist in LMIC, varied widely between the countries and were much wider in the lowest income countries. These findings are important for better understanding and tackling of socioeconomic inequalities in health in LMIC.

Smokeless Tobacco Use by Secondary Students in a Mexican Bordertown

1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1282-1282
Author(s):  
Linda C. Lopez ◽  
Virginia V. Sanchez ◽  
Minami Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Students ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Chewing Tobacco ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco Use ◽  
Low Exposure ◽  
Low Prevalence

Of secondary students living in a Mexican bordertown, 67 boys and 45 girls aged 13 to 18 years, 5 boys reported trying chewing tobacco, but none reported current use, and 61 students believed such use could cause cancer. Low prevalence may be related to low exposure to advertising.

scholarly journals Potential for non-combustible nicotine products to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in smoking: a systematic review and synthesis of best available evidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Lucherini ◽  
Sarah Hill ◽  
Katherine Smith
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Data Synthesis

Abstract Background While some experts have emphasised the potential for e-cigarettes to facilitate cessation among smokers with low socioeconomic status (SES), there is limited evidence of their likely equity impact. We assessed the potential for electronic cigarettes and other non-combustible nicotine-containing products (NCNPs) to reduce inequalities in smoking by systematically reviewing evidence on their use by SES in countries at stage IV of the cigarette epidemic. Methods Ten electronic databases were searched in February 2017 using terms relating to e-cigarettes, smokeless tobacco and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT); and SES. We included studies published since 1980 that were available in English and examined product use by SES indicators such as income and education. Data synthesis was based on those studies judged to be of medium- to high-quality using guidelines adapted from the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Results We identified 54 studies describing NCNP use by SES across 12 countries, of which 27 were judged of sufficient quality to include in data synthesis. We found mixed patterns of e-cigarette current use by SES, with evidence of higher use among low-income adults but unclear or mixed findings by education and occupation. In contrast, smokeless tobacco current use was consistently higher among low SES adults. There was very limited evidence on the SES distribution of NRT in adults and of all NCNPs in young people. Conclusions The only NCNP for which there are clear patterns of use by SES is smokeless tobacco, where prevalence is higher among low SES groups. While this suggests a potentially positive impact on inequalities in smoking (if NCNP use displaces smoked tobacco use), this has not been seen in practice. These findings do not support the suggestion that e-cigarettes have the potential to reduce social inequalities in smoking, since i) current evidence does not show a clear trend of higher e-cigarette use in population groups with higher tobacco consumption, and ii) the experience of smokeless tobacco suggests that – even where NCNP use is higher among low SES groups – this does not necessarily replace smoked tobacco use in these groups.

Genotoxicity assessment in smokeless tobacco users

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Chandirasekar ◽  
K Suresh ◽  
K Sasikala ◽  
B Lakshman Kumar ◽  
R Venkatesan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
South India ◽  
Genetic Damage ◽  
Buccal Cells ◽  
Chewing Tobacco ◽  
Cheap Alternative ◽  
History Of ◽  
Global Population

India has a long history of tobacco, which includes chewing tobacco and smoking tobacco in various forms. Initially, the smokeless tobacco chewing habit was seen among the majority of the farmers who cultivated tobacco; but in recent years, smokeless tobacco is available in many forms and is cheaper as well and hence it is widely being used among literate and illiterate people. The subjects of our study are living in hilly regions of Yerkaud in Salem district, South India. Most of the inhabitants of our study area are illiterate and more particularly they are unaware of the health effects due to tobacco use. Recent epidemiological reports have strongly indicated the association of cancer risk with usage of smokeless tobacco. The prime aim of our study is to evaluate the genotoxic effects of tobacco use by analysing the cytogenetic end points such as chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood and micronucleus in peripheral blood and buccal cells. About 85 smokeless tobacco users were enrolled for the study and same numbers of age- and sex-matched nontobacco users were also enrolled to serve as controls. The result of our study revealed that tobacco users displayed varied levels of elevated chromosomal damage and micronucleated cells than nontobacco users. The variation in the extent of genetic damage was dependent on the duration of the tobacco use. In conclusion, this study might be helpful in creating awareness on the hazards of the smokeless tobacco products among the global population as a whole for those who chose such products as a cheap alternative to tobacco smoke.

Characteristics of Smokeless Tobacco Use among High School Football Players as Related to Type of Smokeless Tobacco and Period of Use

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis J. Creath ◽  
J. Timothy Wright ◽  
John F. Wisniewski
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Football Players ◽  
High School Football ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Chewing Tobacco ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco Products ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco Use

The present study was conducted to assess differences in the behavioral and demographic characteristics of snuff (dip) users as compared to users of chewing tobacco. High School football players (1116) were surveyed concerning their use and perceptions of smokeless tobacco. Adolescent athletes who tried smokeless tobacco were more likely to be white, to use cigarettes, alcohol, and cigars and to have family users than those who never tried. Initial use was highest before the age of fourteen years and was influenced by friends, curiosity and family. Dippers tended to initiate use because of friends, while chewers started because of family users. Users of both dip and chew started primarily because of curiosity. Users of both were more likely to consume greater amounts to alcohol and cigarettes and to smoke cigars and pipes. It appears that the longer smokeless tobacco is consumed, the more likely both dip and chew will be used. Users of smokeless tobacco for more than two years tended to consume more of the product each week, used it for more hours/day, initiated use at an earlier age, and used it more often at school and work than those using it for less than two years. Use of cigars/pipes, consumption of alcohol, and quantity of cigarette consumption increased significantly with longer duration of smokeless tobacco use. Intervention and prevention programs would be helped by understanding differences between users of various smokeless tobacco products and differences related to the duration of use. In addition, further analyses of smokeless tobacco users should study chewers, dippers, and users of both separately.

Epidemiology of Cancer and Other Systemic Effects Associated with the Use of Smokeless Tobacco

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.M. Winn
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cancer Site ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Chewing Tobacco ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco Products ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco Use

Persons who use chewing tobacco and snuff experience an increased risk of oral cancer. Because of the pharmacologic properties of nicotine and other constituents of smokeless tobacco, there is also concern that smokeless tobacco products may lead to cardiovascular diseases as well. The relatively few human population studies to date conflict with respect to whether smokeless tobacco use elevates cardiovascular risk factors or leads to cardiovascular disease or death from cardiovascular causes. Hemoglobin adducts to carcinogens present in smokeless tobacco products are measurable in the blood of smokeless tobacco users, indicating that smokeless-tobacco-related carcinogens circulate throughout the body. This prompts a concern that smokeless tobacco may increase risks of other cancers as well. The evidence to date from epidemiologic studies indicates no relationship between smokeless tobacco and bladder cancer, but there is suggestive evidence linking smokeless tobacco use to prostate cancer risk. Only single studies have been conducted of some cancers, and inconsistencies among studies of the same cancer site have been reported. Molecular epidemiologic studies may help identify markers of malignant transformation in smokeless tobacco users that may help in early intervention to prevent or ameliorate the consequences of oral cancer. Further studies are needed to determine more clearly the cardiovascular and non-oral cancer risks potentially associated with smokeless tobacco use.

scholarly journals Prevalence and predictors of tobacco use among Bhutanese adolescents

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 288-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonam Rinchen ◽  
Surasak Taneepanichskul ◽  
Namgay Dawa
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Eighth Grade Students

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the prevalence of tobacco use and associated factors influencing the use of tobacco among adolescents in a school setting. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted amongst Bhutanese adolescents studying at high schools in the district of Wangdue Phodrang in May 2016. A total of 378 eighth-grade students from four schools participated in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were carried out to describe the predictors of tobacco use. Findings Of the 378 student participants, 52.90 percent were girls and 47.10 percent boys. The age ranged from 11 to 19 years, and the majority lived in school hostels (82 percent). The prevalence of smoking was 10.80 percent while smokeless tobacco users constituted 11.10 percent in the month preceding the study. Gender, tobacco use by siblings and friends, ever having tried alcohol, consumption of alcohol in the last 30 days, previous experimentation with cigarettes/bidi and smokeless tobacco/baba (p-value <0.05) were significantly related to the use of tobacco among students. In multivariate analysis, tobacco use by friends (AdjOR=1.09; 95%CI=0.01–2.48), ever having tried alcohol (AdjOR=2.24; 95%CI=1.75–3.72), current alcohol use (AdjOR=2.63; 95%CI=1.52–4.31), experimentation with cigarettes/bidi (AdjOR =39.46; 95%CI=11.91–90.63) or with smokeless tobacco/baba (AdjOR=32.61; 95%CI=11.78–90.30) were observed as the strong predictors of current tobacco use among adolescents. Originality/value These study results re-emphasized the rising public health concern of tobacco use among younger boys and girls. The findings may help the Bhutanese policy makers and managers to better understand the present situation of adolescent tobacco use and its associated determinants, and formulate appropriate tobacco control strategies for adolescents.

Promoting Tobacco Use Among Students: The U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Company College Marketing Program

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Jason Qian ◽  
Matthew J. Hill ◽  
Divya Ramamurthi ◽  
Robert K. Jackler
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Tobacco Company ◽  
Marketing Program ◽  
College Marketing ◽  
The U.S
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