The impact of varying warning color on e-cigarette advertisements: Results from an online experiment among young adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica L King ◽  
Connor Simper ◽  
Jacob Razzouk ◽  
Julie W Merten
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Future Research ◽  
White Background ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Message Effectiveness ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Black Background ◽  
Downstream Effects ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction Advertisement warnings are often overlooked, which reduces the opportunity for risk communication. Methods We used Prolific to survey 1,131 young adults (18-35) who currently used e-cigarettes or tobacco products. We randomized participants to one of four warning conditions: black text on white background (BW), white on black (WB), black on yellow (BY), and yellow on black (YB). We examined associations between condition and attention, recall, ad appeal, perceived message effectiveness (PME), and intentions to use e-cigarettes using chi-square and ANOVA where appropriate. We conducted logistic regressions by condition for attention and recall controlling for demographics and tobacco use. Results The warning was selected as the most attention-capturing area of the advertisement more often by those exposed to yellow warnings than white (59.9% versus 46.8%), even after controlling for demographics and tobacco use (p<.05). Recall was greater among those exposed to yellow warnings than white (44.2% vs. 37.3%), which held in controlled models. There were no significant differences between yellow and white warnings for ad appeals, PME, or intentions to use. In subanalyses, WB warnings generated higher PME (10.1 vs. 9.5) and lower intentions to use e-cigarettes (3.0 vs. 3.3) than BW (each p<.05). Conclusions Yellow warning color increases attention and recall of the warning, but this increase in attention did not translate to differences in downstream effects. Among currently mandated warning variations, the white text on black background warning appears more effective than the black on white. Future research should examine whether differences translate to behavior change. Implications We tested color variations of the FDA-mandated nicotine text warning on e-cigarette advertisements. Yellow variations (yellow text on black background and black on yellow) better captured attention and increased warning recall compared to the mandated black and white warnings. Among the FDA-mandated black on white and white on black warnings, the white on black variation appears more effective, generating higher perceived message effectiveness and lower intentions to use e-cigarettes. Given the difficulty in implementing pictorial warnings in the US, color might represent an alternative to improve warning effectiveness. Findings may also be applicable to those designing tobacco-related health communications.

scholarly journals Optimizing Warnings on E-Cigarette Advertisements

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 630-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica L King ◽  
Allison Lazard ◽  
Beth A Reboussin ◽  
Leah Ranney ◽  
Jennifer Cornacchione Ross ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Turk ◽  
Future Research ◽  
White Background ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Text Recall ◽  
Message Effectiveness ◽  
The Us ◽  
Amazon's Mechanical Turk ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction We examined the effect of visual optimizations on warning text recall. Methods We used Amazon’s Mechanical Turk to recruit 1854 young adult (18–34 years) electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) users or susceptible nonusers. We conducted a between-subjects 3 × 2 × 2 experiment to examine the influence of color (black text on white background [BW] vs. black on yellow [BY] vs. yellow on black [YB]), shape (rectangle vs. novel), and signal word (presence vs. absence of the word “warning”). We randomized participants to view one of 12 warnings on a fictional e-cigarette advertisement. We coded open-ended recall responses into three categories: (1) recalled nothing, (2) recalled something, (3) recalled the concept. We examined main effects on warning text recall using multinomial regression. We examined differences in attention, perceived message effectiveness, and appeal. Results Those exposed to BW or BY warnings were more likely than those exposed to YB to recall something (AOR = 1.6, AOR = 1.5, respectively) or the concept (OR = 1.4, BW). Those exposed to novel shape (44.7% novel vs. 37.9% rectangle; p = .003) or color (44.5% BY vs. 41.9% YB vs. 37.5% BW; p = .04) warnings were more likely to report attention to the warning. In aided recall, those exposed to the signal word were more likely than those not exposed to select the correct response (64.0% vs. 31.3%; p < .0001). We did not find differences for message effectiveness or appeal. Conclusions Visual optimizations such as color may influence warning text recall and should be considered for new warnings. Research should continue exploring variations for advertisement warnings to maximize attention to warning text. Implications This study examines the impact of visual optimizations on recall of the US Food and Drug Administration-mandated e-cigarette advertisement warning text. We found that color might influence warning text recall, but we did not find effects for shape or signal word. It is possible the newly mandated e-cigarette advertisement warnings, which are required to occupy at least 20% of the advertisement, are currently novel enough to attract attention. Future research should examine optimizations following implementation of the new advertisement warnings.

scholarly journals Social media: an exploration of the outcomes of social media use for homeless youth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Donath
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Mobile Device ◽  
Homeless Youth ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The purpose of this project was to explore how young adults are experiencing relationships when using social media. Using a qualitative design young adults between the ages of 16-25 were asked questions about their experience with social media in the city of Toronto. Qualitative interviews were conducted with three homeless participants who used social media and had access to the internet and a mobile device. The researcher analyzed the data by looking for themes within the participant’s answers. Discussion focuses on the impact of social media, their experiences as a homeless youth and the interaction with social media on a daily basis. The findings also suggest future research for technology amongst homeless youth

scholarly journals Impact of Beef and Beef Product Intake on Cognition in Children and Young Adults: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1797
Author(s):  
Ruopeng An ◽  
Sharon M Nickols-Richardson ◽  
Naiman Khan ◽  
Jianxiu Liu ◽  
Ruidong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Bibliographic Databases ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Feeding Control ◽  
The Impact

(1) Background: Undernutrition and micronutrient deficiency have been consistently linked to cognitive impairment among children and young adults. As a primary source of dietary animal protein, beef consumption holds the potential to improve diet quality and positively influence cognitive function. This study systematically reviewed evidence linking beef intake to cognition among children and young adults. (2) Methods: A literature search was conducted in seven electronic bibliographic databases for studies assessing the impact of beef consumption on cognition. (3) Results: We identified eight studies reporting results from five unique interventions. Two interventions were conducted in Kenya, two in the U.S. and one in four countries including Guatemala, Pakistan, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia. Only one intervention employed a non-feeding control arm and found beef consumption to improve cognitive abilities compared to the control. However, the other interventions comparing beef consumption to other food types found no consistent result. (4) Conclusions: Evidence pertaining to the impact of beef consumption on cognition remains limited due to the small and heterogeneous set of studies. Future research should adopt a population representative sample and longer follow-up period, employ a non-feeding control arm and comprehensively measure nutrient intakes among study participants.

scholarly journals The impact of recruitment policies and induction programmes on employee retention : a case study of the Durban Central Fire department in KwaZulu-Natal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Patience Mutsvairigwa
Keyword(s):  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Employee Retention ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Fire Department ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Positive Work Relationships ◽  
The Impact

The main aim of the study was to investigate the impact of recruitment policies and induction programmes on employee retention. The Durban Central Fire Station was used as a case study for this investigation. Relevant literature from periodicals, journals, textbooks, theses and dissertations was reviewed. A quantitative research design was adopted for this study through the administration of a pre-coded structured closed-ended questionnaire to the 126 employees at the Durban Central Fire Department. Only 110 of the 126 administered questionnaires were returned. However, of the returned questionnaires, 5 were discarded due to incomplete responses and the final questionnaire returns numbered 105, which resulted in an 83.3% response rate. The data collected from respondents were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0 in order to conduct non-parametric tests for testing the generated hypotheses. In total, 13 hypotheses were formulated for this study’s empirical analysis. Furthermore, the Pearson’s Chi-square and Spearman correlation tests were carried out on the formulated hypotheses to ascertain whether a statistically significant relationship existed between the variables. The study’s notable findings showed that a positive relationship existed between recruitment policies and employee retention, hence recruitment policies do have an impact on employee retention. The findings also showed that a moderately significant relationship existed between induction programmes and employee retention at the Durban Central Fire Department. Based on the findings, the researcher then recommended that the Durban Central Fire department should clarify expectations to its employees, encourage socialisation and positive work relationships, increase the duration of the induction programme and conduct exit interviews. The researcher concluded the study with suggestions for future research.

scholarly journals The Effect of Japanese Animation Series on Informal Third Language Acquisition among Arabic Native Speakers

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Sara S. Alsubaie ◽  
Abbad M. Alabbad
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Japanese Language ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Third Language ◽  
Third Language Acquisition ◽  
Teenagers And Young Adults ◽  
The Impact

Recent studies on language acquisition and motivation have targeted Japanese language learners in a formal educational context, with less attention paid to learners who study Japanese informally. The current study aims to investigate the impact of Japanese animations in the context of informal third language acquisition. It targets the native speakers of Arabic who are interested in learning Japanese as a third language (L3), and investigates the motivations of Arab teenagers and young adults to learn Japanese. Further, the paper also focuses on examining aspects of Japanese language proficiency among teenagers and young adults, including vocabulary enhancement and grammar competence. The methodology used in the current study is twofold: an online survey questionnaire adopted from Armour and Iida (2016), followed by an engaging experiment in which participants were divided into two groups (reality anime group vs. action anime group) in order to examine the effectiveness of anime selection in boosting proficiency level. The findings of the online survey indicate that Arabic native speakers are highly motivated to learn Japanese, while the experiment results confirm that the type of anime and consistency of exposure do support the acquisition process. Further, the study concluded that consumption of anime series contributes to the learning process and facilitates learners' proficiency in general and vocabulary learning in particular. However, it remains unknown whether or not Arabic native speakers' motivations lead to their enrollment into formal Japanese foreign language education. Avenues for future research and implications are also presented toward the end of the paper.

scholarly journals The influence of paramedic qualification level on the administration of analgesia in the prehospital setting

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Lord ◽  
Toby Keene ◽  
Cassie Luck
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Predictor Variables ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Sample Population ◽  
Practice Setting ◽  
Patient Records ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Impact

<p><strong>Background</strong></p><p>Undertreatment of pain has been reported in the paramedic literature, and reasons for these disparities are not well understood.</p><p><strong>Aims</strong></p><p>As the qualification level of the paramedic may affect analgesia administration, the primary aim of this study was to determine the impact of paramedic qualification on the provision of any analgesia for patients reporting pain.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong></p><p>Retrospective study of de-identified patient care records from one Australian ambulance service over a period of 6 months. Inclusion criteria were age was &gt; 17 years, initial pain severity score was &gt; 3/10 and Glasgow Coma Score &gt;13. Data were descriptively analysed for analgesia administration and type of analgesic by predictor variables: age, sex, pain score and case nature. Pearson’s chi-square test was used to test for associations between the outcome of interest and predictor variables. Adjusted logged odds of patients receiving analgesia was tested with binomial logistic regression.</p><p><strong>Findings</strong></p><p>3173 patient records met the inclusion criteria. ICP treated 86% of the sample population. Of those treated by an AP, 76.2% (n=340) received analgesia, whereas 71.6% (n=1952) of patients treated by an ICP received analgesia (p=0.042). Methoxyflurane was the most frequently administered analgesic, with 39.9% of the patients (n=1,264) receiving this agent; 31.1% of patients (n=988) received morphine, and 14.2% (n=452) received fentanyl. The unadjusted regression model found that AP have higher odds of administering analgesia than ICP paramedics (OR 1.264, p &lt;0.05). However, once other covariates are included in the logistic regression, the significance no longer exists.</p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p><p>Paramedic qualification is not associated with the administration of analgesia in this setting. This study contributes to the gap in knowledge regarding disparities in analgesia for adults experiencing pain and may inform future research that aims to identify and reduce barriers to appropriate pain management in the paramedic practice setting.</p>

scholarly journals Preceptor Expectations and Experiences in a Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship

PRiMER ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Tabb ◽  
Kristina Monteiro ◽  
Paul George
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Experience ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Program Participation ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Area Of Interest ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship ◽  
Block Based ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

Introduction: The Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship (LIC) as a pedagogical model in medical education is a burgeoning area of interest as an alternative to a traditional, rotation- (block) based curriculum and presents a distinct set of considerations. A large number of studies examine the impact on students participating in LIC programs, but fewer assessments exist for the preceptors involved. This study sought to understand changes in expectations and experiences following LIC program participation. Methods: We conducted a survey-based prospective cohort study of preceptors before and after first-time LIC program participation. Five-point Likert-type questions were grouped into four subscales determined by areas of practice and preceptor role: clinical, administrative, professional, and educational. For statistical analyses of the nonmatched responses we used Pearson Chi-Square measures of association and independent t-tests. Results: Forty-seven of 84 (56%) preceptors responded to the presurvey and 42% responded to the postsurvey (35/84), totaling 82 unique responses. Thirty-nine (48%) were female, 64 (79%) had over 5 years teaching experience, and 61 (74%) had prior rotation-based clerkship experience. Only the clinical subscale (evaluating aspects of physical exam, history taking, and patient relationship with physician and student) was significantly different pre- (M1= 3.09[SD=0.40]) to post-LIC (M2= 3.47[SD=0.29]) showing a positive change at post-LIC participation (P=0.03). Conclusion: For first-time LIC preceptors in a new LIC program, participation led to improvements in clinical practice without detriment to administrative, professional, or educational roles. Future research should examine changes among individual preceptors over time as well as assessments of students, including knowledge, skills, and attitude outcomes.

Patterns of E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults: Review of the Impact of E-Cigarettes on Cigarette Smoking

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 1320-1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allison Glasser ◽  
Haneen Abudayyeh ◽  
Jennifer Cantrell ◽  
Raymond Niaura
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Product Use ◽  
Youth And Young Adults ◽  
The Impact

Abstract There is concern that e-cigarette use among youth and young adults (YAs) may lead to future cigarette or other combustible tobacco product use. A synthesis of the literature on this topic is needed because existing longitudinal studies are limited in number and not consistent in their conclusions. We conducted a search in PubMed through December 31, 2017 for peer-reviewed studies related to e-cigarette patterns of use. Of 588 relevant studies, 26 had a youth or YA sample, were longitudinal in design, and assessed e-cigarette use at baseline and cigarette smoking at follow-up. Most studies followed a sample over time and compared cigarette smoking at follow-up between baseline e-cigarette users and nonusers. Other studies examined the difference at follow-up in cigarette smoking status among smokers according to e-cigarette use at baseline. Results suggest that, among never smokers, e-cigarette use is associated with the future (6 months to 2.5 years) cigarette trial; however, firm conclusions cannot be drawn because of limitations including small sample size, measurement of experimental use (ie, ever use, past 30-day use) rather than established use, and inadequate controls for potentially confounding variables. Conclusions also cannot be drawn from studies examining the impact of e-cigarette use among smokers due to the limited number of studies and additional limitations. A comprehensive understanding of this literature is needed to inform policy makers and consumers for evidence-based decision-making and to guide future research on e-cigarette use among youth and young adults. Implications The present article provides a review of the impact of e-cigarette use on subsequent cigarette smoking among youth and YAs. Studies presented here suggest that e-cigarette use among nonsmokers is associated with subsequent cigarette smoking, but study designs are subject to numerous limitations. Future research should focus on addressing the characteristics that put youth and YAs at the risk of using either product and how appeal and accessibility of these products are related to product use in order to inform future policy-making.

QUANTIFICATION OF ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE 'MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE CELL' OF THE PARS INTERMEDIA OF THE PITUITARY OF XENOPUS LAEVIS, PRODUCED BY CHANGE OF BACKGROUND COLOUR

1972 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
B. WEATHERHEAD ◽  
P. WHUR
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
White Background ◽  
Pars Intermedia ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Black Background ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

SUMMARY The fact that the transfer of amphibians between black and white backgrounds causes the 'melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) cells' of the pars intermedia of the pituitary to undergo considerable morphological change has been established for some time. The application of morphometric techniques to the 'MSH cells' of Xenopus has permitted the quantitative analysis of these changes at the ultrastructural level. Of the nine classes of organelle selected for analysis in these cells, three, namely nucleus, plasma membrane and dense bodies, showed no statistically significant changes. The remaining classes of organelle all showed significant changes in the percentage of the total cell volume that they occupied, although not all the organelles changed at the same rate. Transfer of animals from a white to a black background for up to 12 days was associated with increase in the percent volume of rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi membranes, Golgi granules and mitochondria and with a decrease in the percent volume of the fibrous granules. Return of animals to a white background after 6 days on a black background produced a reversal of the above changes with return to, or close to, white background (control) levels. This quantitative ultrastructural approach also highlights discrepancies in both the rate and magnitude of the changes in some of the organelles and related non-morphological parameters previously reported, e.g. the size of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the rate of incorporation of labelled amino acid into protein; or the numbers of fibrous granules and the levels of detectable pituitary MSH. Some possible interpretations of these discrepancies are discussed.

scholarly journals Social media: an exploration of the outcomes of social media use for homeless youth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Donath
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Mobile Device ◽  
Homeless Youth ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The purpose of this project was to explore how young adults are experiencing relationships when using social media. Using a qualitative design young adults between the ages of 16-25 were asked questions about their experience with social media in the city of Toronto. Qualitative interviews were conducted with three homeless participants who used social media and had access to the internet and a mobile device. The researcher analyzed the data by looking for themes within the participant’s answers. Discussion focuses on the impact of social media, their experiences as a homeless youth and the interaction with social media on a daily basis. The findings also suggest future research for technology amongst homeless youth

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