An Analysis of E-Cigarette Marketing in New Zealand Tobacco Retail Outlets Prior to Legislative Change

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1221-1224
Author(s):  
Jerram Bateman ◽  
Lindsay A Robertson ◽  
Louise Marsh ◽  
Claire Cameron ◽  
Janet Hoek
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
Legislative Change ◽  
Convenience Stores ◽  
Type Area ◽  
High Deprivation ◽  
Self Service

Abstract Introduction In 2017, the New Zealand (NZ) Government announced its intention to liberalize the sale and promotion of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), including permitting any outlet to sell ENDS. This research estimated the proportion of tobacco outlets selling ENDS prior to legislative change, documented ENDS point-of-sale (POS) marketing, and examined associations between ENDS availability and outlet type, area-level deprivation, study region, and proximity to a secondary school. Aims and Methods After drawing a proportional random sample of 281 tobacco outlets from two NZ regions that included convenience stores, supermarkets, and petrol stations, we conducted observational in-store assessments to record ENDS product ranges and promotions. Data were collected between October and December 2017 and analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression modeling. Results Of tobacco outlets sampled, 22% sold ENDS; these were typically convenience stores (85%) and located in high deprivation areas (53%). Of stores selling ENDS, products were visible at POS in 89% of stores, including 15% with self-service displays and 15% with displays adjacent to children’s products. ENDS advertising was present in 31% of the outlets and generally promoted ENDS as cheaper than smoked cigarettes. Conclusions Liberalizing access to ENDS could reduce harms caused by smoking; however, extensive use of POS promotions will reach children and young people as well as smokers. While reducing harm among smokers is important, policy makers also need to ensure that regulations protect children from ENDS promotions. Implications Careful regulation is required to ensure increases in ENDS availability are not accompanied by an increase in young people’s exposure to ENDS marketing at the POS.

Co-Design and Open Trial of Starship Rescue, a Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Biofeedback, and Game-Based eHealth Intervention to Treat Anxiety in Children and Young People with Long-Term Physical Conditions (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiran Thabrew ◽  
Karolina Stasiak ◽  
Harshali Kumar ◽  
Tarique Naseem ◽  
Christopher Frampton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Young People ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Physical Conditions ◽  
System Usability Scale ◽  
Ehealth Intervention

BACKGROUND Approximately 10% to 12% of New Zealand children and young people have long-term physical conditions (also known as chronic illnesses) and are more likely to develop psychological problems, particularly anxiety and depression. Delayed treatment leads to worse physical and mental healthcare, school absence, and poorer long-term outcomes. Recently, electronic health (eHealth) interventions, especially those based on the principles of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT), have been shown to be as good as face-to-face therapy. Biofeedback techniques have also been shown to enhance relaxation during the treatment of anxiety. However, these modalities have rarely been combined. Young people with long-term physical conditions have expressed a preference for well-designed and technologically-based support to deal with psychological issues, especially anxiety. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to co-design and evaluate the (i) acceptability and (ii) usability of a CBT and biofeedback-based, 5-module eHealth game called ‘Starship Rescue’ and (iii) to provide preliminary evidence regarding its effectiveness in addressing anxiety and quality of life in young people with long-term physical conditions. METHODS Starship Rescue was co-designed with children and young people from a tertiary hospital in Auckland, New Zealand. Following this, 24 young people aged 10 to 17 years were enrolled in an open trial, during which they were asked to use the game for an 8-week period. Acceptability of the game to all participants was assessed using a brief, open-ended questionnaire, and more detailed feedback was obtained from a subset of 10 participants via semi-structured interviews. Usability was evaluated via the System Usability Scale (SUS) and device-recorded frequency and duration of access on completion of the game. Anxiety levels were measured prior to commencement, on completion of the game, and 3 months later using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7) and Spence Child Anxiety Scales (SCAS), and at the start of each module and at the end of the game using an embedded Likert/visual analog scale. Quality of life was measured prior to commencement and on completion of the game using the Pediatric Quality of Life Scale (PEDS-QL). RESULTS Users gave Starship Rescue an overall rating of 5.9 out of 10 (range 3-10 and a mean score of 71 out of 100 (SD 11.7; min 47.5; max 90) on the System Usability Scale (SUS). The mean time period for use of the game was just over 11-weeks (78.8 days, 13.5 hours, 40 minutes). Significant reductions in anxiety were noted between the start and end of the game on the GAD-7 (-4.6 (p=0.000)), SCAS (-9.6 (p=0.005)), and the Likert/visual analogue scales (-2.4 (p=0.001)). Quality of life also improved on the PedsQL scale (+4.3 (p=0.042)). All changes were sustained at 3-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary evidence for Starship Rescue being an acceptable, usable and effective eHealth intervention for addressing anxiety in young people with long-term physical conditions. Further evaluation is planned via a more formal randomized controlled trial. CLINICALTRIAL Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Network Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12616001253493p;https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=371443 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6sYB716lf)

The Epidemiology of Noise Sensitivity in New Zealand

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 482-489
Author(s):  
Daniel Shepherd ◽  
Marja Heinonen-Guzejev ◽  
Kauko Heikkilä ◽  
David Welch ◽  
Kim N. Dirks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Social Position ◽  
Noise Sensitivity ◽  
Noise Annoyance ◽  
High Deprivation ◽  
Cultural Determinants ◽  
And Task

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Sensitivity to noise, or nuisance sounds that interrupt relaxation and task-related activities, has been shown to vary significantly across individuals. The current study sought to uncover predictors of noise sensitivity, focussing on possible social and cultural determinants, including social position, education, ethnicity, gender, and the presence of an illness. <b><i>Method:</i></b> Data were collected from 746 New Zealand adults residing in 6 areas differentiated by social position. Participants responded to questions probing personal characteristics, noise sensitivity, illness, neighbourhood problems, and noise annoyance. It was hypothesized that those in high-deprivation areas and/or experiencing illness report higher levels of noise sensitivity. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Approximately 50 and 10% of the participants reported being moderately or very noise sensitive, respectively. Significant predictors of noise sensitivity included age, length of residence, level of social deprivation, and self-reported illness. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> There is evidence of social determinants of noise sensitivity, including social position and residential factors.

scholarly journals Using point-of-sale data to examine tobacco pricing across neighbourhoods in Scotland

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niamh K Shortt ◽  
Helena Tunstall ◽  
Richard Mitchell ◽  
Emma Coombes ◽  
Andy Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Purchase Price ◽  
Retail Outlet ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
Deprived Neighbourhoods ◽  
Convenience Stores ◽  
Neighbourhood Level ◽  
Outlet Density ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Multivariable Regression ◽  
Total Sales

ObjectivesTo assess the geographical variation in tobacco price (cigarettes and roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco) in convenience stores across Scotland and how this relates to neighbourhood income deprivation, tobacco retail outlet density and urban/rural status.MethodsTobacco price data from 124 566 shopping baskets purchased in 274 convenience stores during 1 week in April 2018 were obtained through an electronic point-of-sale system. These data were combined with neighbourhood-level measures of income deprivation, tobacco retail outlet density and urban/rural status. We examined brand price for 12 of the most popular cigarette brands and 3 RYO brands and variations in purchases by price segment; multivariable regression analysis assessed associations between area variables and tobacco price.ResultsMost stores sold tobacco in all price segments. The lowest priced subvalue brands were the most popular in all neighbourhoods but were most dominant in shops in more deprived neighbourhoods. When total sales were assessed, overall purchase price varied significantly by neighbourhood income deprivation; packets of 20 cigarettes were 50 pence (5.6%) lower and RYO 34 pence (2.7%) lower among shops in the two highest income deprivation quintiles relative to the lowest. Analysis of individual brands showed that for 3 of the 12 cigarette brands considered, average prices were 12–17 pence lower in more deprived neighbourhoods with the most popular RYO brand 15 pence lower. There was limited evidence of a relationship with tobacco retail outlet density.ConclusionAcross Scottish convenience stores, the purchase price of cigarettes and RYO was lower in more income-deprived neighbourhoods. The lower prices primarily reflect greater sales of cheap brands in these areas, rather than retailers reducing the prices of individual brands.

The battle over employers’ demand for “more flexibility”

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 886-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erling Rasmussen ◽  
Barry Foster ◽  
Deirdre Farr
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Postal Questionnaire ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Employer Attitudes ◽  
Legislative Changes ◽  
Employment Legislation

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to place empirical research on New Zealand employers’ attitudes to collective bargaining and legislative change within the context of the long running debate of flexibility. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional survey design using a self-administered postal questionnaire, covering private sector employers with ten or more staff and including employers within all 17 standard industry classification. To explore particular issues, an additional in-depth interviews were conducted of 25 employers participating in the survey. Findings It is found that employers support overwhelmingly recent legislative changes though there are variations across industries and firm sizes. There is also considerable variation in terms of which legislative changes are applied in the workplace. Despite fewer constraints on employer-determined flexibility, there was a rather puzzling finding that most employers still think that employment legislation is even balanced or favouring employees. Originality/value Cross-sectional survey findings of New Zealand employer attitudes to legislative changes are few and provide valuable data for policy makers, unions, employers and employment relations researchers. The paper also contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of pressures to increase employer-determined flexibility in many western countries.

Revised hydrogeological model of the hydrothermal system Waiwera (New Zealand)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Grafe ◽  
Thomas Kempka ◽  
Michael Schneider ◽  
Michael Kühn
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Hydrogeology Journal ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Geothermal System ◽  
Geological Model ◽  
Species Transport ◽  
Study Region

&lt;p&gt;The geothermal hot water reservoir underlying the coastal township of Waiwera, northern Auckland Region, New Zealand, has been commercially utilized since 1863. The reservoir is complex in nature, as it is controlled by several coupled processes, namely flow, heat transfer and species transport. At the base of the aquifer, geothermal water of around 50&amp;#176;C enters. Meanwhile, freshwater percolates from the west and saltwater penetrates from the sea in the east. Understanding of the system&amp;#8217;s dynamics is vital, as decades of unregulated, excessive abstraction resulted in the loss of previously artesian conditions. To protect the reservoir and secure the livelihoods of businesses, a Water Management Plan by The Auckland Regional Council was declared in the 1980s [1]. In attempts to describe the complex dynamics of the reservoir system with the goal of supplementing sustainable decision-making, studies in the past decades have brought forth several predictive models [2]. These models ranged from being purely data driven statistical [3] to fully coupled process simulations [1].&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Our objective was to improve upon previous numerical models by introducing an updated geological model, in which the findings of a recently undertaken field campaign were integrated [4]. A static 2D Model was firstly reconstructed and verified to earlier multivariate regression model results. Furthermore, the model was expanded spatially into the third dimension. In difference to previous models, the influence of basic geologic structures and the sea water level onto the geothermal system are accounted for. Notably, the orientation of dipped horizontal layers as well as major regional faults are implemented from updated field data [4]. Additionally, the model now includes the regional topography extracted from a digital elevation model and further combined with the coastal bathymetry. Parameters relating to the hydrogeological properties of the strata along with the thermophysical properties of water with respect to depth were applied. Lastly, the catchment area and water balance of the study region are considered.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;The simulation results provide new insights on the geothermal reservoir&amp;#8217;s natural state. Numerical simulations considering coupled fluid flow as well as heat and species transport have been carried out using the in-house TRANSport Simulation Environment [5], which has been previously verified against different density-driven flow benchmarks [1]. The revised geological model improves the agreement between observations and simulations in view of the timely and spatial development of water level, temperature and species concentrations, and thus enables more reliable predictions required for water management planning.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;[1] K&amp;#252;hn M., St&amp;#246;fen H. (2005):&lt;br&gt;&amp;#160; &amp;#160; &amp;#160; Hydrogeology Journal, 13, 606&amp;#8211;626,&lt;br&gt;&amp;#160; &amp;#160; &amp;#160; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-004-0377-6&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;[2] K&amp;#252;hn M., Altmannsberger C. (2016):&lt;br&gt;&amp;#160; &amp;#160; &amp;#160; Energy Procedia, 97, 403-410,&lt;br&gt;&amp;#160; &amp;#160; &amp;#160; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.10.034&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;[3] K&amp;#252;hn M., Sch&amp;#246;ne T. (2017):&lt;br&gt;&amp;#160; &amp;#160; &amp;#160; Energy Procedia, 125, 571-579,&lt;br&gt;&amp;#160; &amp;#160; &amp;#160; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.08.196&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;[4] Pr&amp;#228;g M., Becker I., Hilgers C., Walter T.R., K&amp;#252;hn M. (2020):&lt;br&gt;&amp;#160; &amp;#160; &amp;#160; Advances in Geosciences, 54, 165-171,&lt;br&gt;&amp;#160; &amp;#160; &amp;#160; https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-54-165-2020&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;[5] Kempka T. (2020):&lt;br&gt;&amp;#160; &amp;#160; &amp;#160; Adv. Geosci., 54, 67&amp;#8211;77,&lt;br&gt;&amp;#160; &amp;#160; &amp;#160; https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-54-67-2020&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Should New Zealand Shirk Its Obligations? A Critical Perspective on Private Law Scholarship

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 429
Author(s):  
Bevan Marten ◽  
Geoff McLay
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Coherent System ◽  
Private Law ◽  
Compensation Scheme ◽  
Critical Perspective ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Party Autonomy ◽  
Accident Compensation

This article concerns the role of the private law scholar in New Zealand, and how such scholars use their skills to improve the law. It argues that while an obligations scholar's preference may be to engage with the courts and other academics in their scholarly activities, a focus on statutory reform better suits New Zealand conditions. Scholars should share their talents with policy makers, law reform bodies and legislators, helping to explain the importance of a coherent system of private law, and how this may be achieved. The authors then go a step further by suggesting that, in the New Zealand context, the preferable approach to reform may be one involving policy-based solutions exemplified by the accident compensation scheme, as opposed to approaches based on traditional private law principles such as party autonomy.

scholarly journals Residential Mobility and Changes in Deprivation Levels For 0 – 4 Year Olds in New Zealand

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Robertson ◽  
Kim Nathan ◽  
Philippa Howden-Chapman ◽  
Michael Baker ◽  
Polly Atatoa Carr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Residential Mobility ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Data Infrastructure ◽  
High Deprivation ◽  
Residential Moves ◽  
Government Data ◽  
Deprived Areas

IntroductionHigh residential mobility has been shown to have a negative impact on young children, with long-term consequences for their physical and mental health, and social outcomes. Understanding the broad trends in moves and differentiating between moves to neighbourhoods which are likely to have ‘positive’ or ‘negative’ consequences is an important question in the residential mobility literature, with important implications for public policy and children’s health. Objectives and ApproachThe aims of this study are to describe the level and changes in neighbourhood deprivation that occur during residential moves involving children aged 0–4 years of age in New Zealand, and to assess whether these changes differ for children of different ethnicities. Our cohort is 565,689 children born in New Zealand from 2004 to 2018. The dataset of residential moves is created using the full address notification table from the Integrated Data Infrastructure, a set of government data tables that have been linked and anonymised by Statistics New Zealand. ResultsWhile there is a reasonable amount of mobility in terms of the deprivation of the area in which a child lives, the most likely outcome of a move is that it will be to an area with the same level of deprivation. This is especially true for the most and least deprived areas. Areas of high deprivation have the highest levels of churn and residential mobility. Māori and Pasifika children have lower levels of socioeconomic mobility and are more likely to move into and to stay in, areas of high deprivation. Conclusion / ImplicationsChildren living in highly deprived areas are likely to stay in high deprivation areas. Children living in these areas also move more frequently than the general population. Māori and Pasifika children are overrepresented in high deprivation areas, and on average they move more frequently than the group of all children aged 0 – 4.

scholarly journals "Settling Some Very Important Principles of Colonial Law": Three "Forgotten" Cases of the 1840's

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Hickford
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Attorney General ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Chief Justice ◽  
Local Ordinances ◽  
Colonial Government

This article reintroduces the "forgotten" cases of R v Taylor, Attorney-General v Whitaker and Scott v Grace and considers their specific historical contexts. They raise controversial questions about the extent of the New Zealand governor's ability to grant lands outside of the provisions of local ordinances and imperial statutes by using the prerogative. The article notes the flow-on effects of the policy lacuna created by these judgments. The judgments of Justice Chapman and Chief Justice Martin caused considerable unease on the part of the colonial government and policy-makers in London as well as some New Zealand Company operatives. This in turn led to the subsequent legislative and policy efforts to qualify the reach of prerogative powers in colonies. The text of the cases is appended to this article.

scholarly journals La sustentabilidad en tiendas de conveniencia de la ciudad industrial en Villahermosa. Tabasco, para el desarrollo de una propuesta

2019 ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Nancy Estela Arias-Rodríguez ◽  
Juana María Morejón-Sánchez ◽  
Casandra Angeles-Guzmán ◽  
Yaitla Aitza Reyes-Osorio
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Variables ◽  
The Self ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Convenience Stores ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Context Variables ◽  
Local Contexts ◽  
Self Service ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

This research analyzes the sustainability of the convenience stores of the industrial cd in Villahermosa, Tabasco. Considering the behavior of the research variable (sustainability) in different international, national and local contexts. As well as the theoretical foundations on which this variable is based. A diagnosis is made on the sustainability of convenience stores, generating a comprehensive scenario, in order to design a proposal. The tool that was used was the Likert scale from which an instrument was designed to determine how each of the cultural, economic, social, political, technological and environmental variables (independent or context variables) influence the research variable (sustainability of convenience stores). These context variables are in constant changes and movements and directly influence the convenience stores either positively or negatively. The instrument was applied in the convenience stores of the industrial cd of Villahermosa, Tabasco, in order to obtain decisive results for the sustainability of the self-service stores, the Excel tool version 2010 was used, in which tables were obtained and graphics, simplifying the content of the data giving specific and necessary results for the development of the proposal. From the results obtained, a model is designed to improve the sustainability of the convenience stores of the industrial cd in Villahermosa Tabasco, which will achieve a growth that will be strongly linked to social responsibility to provide attention to the workers who are part of them and the reduction of the impact on the surrounding environment. Ensuring the competitiveness profitability and permanence of convenience stores.

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