scholarly journals Using point-of-sale data to examine tobacco pricing across neighbourhoods in Scotland

2020 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niamh K Shortt ◽  
Helena Tunstall ◽  
Richard Mitchell ◽  
Emma Coombes ◽  
Andy Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Purchase Price ◽  
Retail Outlet ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
Deprived Neighbourhoods ◽  
Convenience Stores ◽  
Neighbourhood Level ◽  
Outlet Density ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Multivariable Regression ◽  
Total Sales

ObjectivesTo assess the geographical variation in tobacco price (cigarettes and roll-your-own (RYO) tobacco) in convenience stores across Scotland and how this relates to neighbourhood income deprivation, tobacco retail outlet density and urban/rural status.MethodsTobacco price data from 124 566 shopping baskets purchased in 274 convenience stores during 1 week in April 2018 were obtained through an electronic point-of-sale system. These data were combined with neighbourhood-level measures of income deprivation, tobacco retail outlet density and urban/rural status. We examined brand price for 12 of the most popular cigarette brands and 3 RYO brands and variations in purchases by price segment; multivariable regression analysis assessed associations between area variables and tobacco price.ResultsMost stores sold tobacco in all price segments. The lowest priced subvalue brands were the most popular in all neighbourhoods but were most dominant in shops in more deprived neighbourhoods. When total sales were assessed, overall purchase price varied significantly by neighbourhood income deprivation; packets of 20 cigarettes were 50 pence (5.6%) lower and RYO 34 pence (2.7%) lower among shops in the two highest income deprivation quintiles relative to the lowest. Analysis of individual brands showed that for 3 of the 12 cigarette brands considered, average prices were 12–17 pence lower in more deprived neighbourhoods with the most popular RYO brand 15 pence lower. There was limited evidence of a relationship with tobacco retail outlet density.ConclusionAcross Scottish convenience stores, the purchase price of cigarettes and RYO was lower in more income-deprived neighbourhoods. The lower prices primarily reflect greater sales of cheap brands in these areas, rather than retailers reducing the prices of individual brands.

scholarly journals How has the introduction of point-of-sale legislation affected the presence and visibility of tobacco retailing in Scotland? A longitudinal study

2019 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2018-054543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Pearce ◽  
Mark Cherrie ◽  
Catherine Best ◽  
Douglas Eadie ◽  
Martine Stead ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Authority ◽  
Retail Outlet ◽  
Socioeconomic Disparity ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
Total Product ◽  
Retail Outlets ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Outlet Density ◽  
Geographic Differences

BackgroundReducing the local availability of tobacco is identified as the ‘next frontier’ in tobacco control. This paper examines the roles of tobacco retail outlet density and tobacco visibility in changing exposure to tobacco retailing before and after the introduction of point-of-sale (POS) legislation in Scotland.MethodsNational tobacco retailer register data were analysed to examine time trends in tobacco retailer density (2012–2017). Results were stratified by local authority, neighbourhood deprivation and urbanity. Next, an annual retail audit using a POS tobacco visibility tool assessed changes in total product visibility in all retail outlets in four study communities between 2013 and 2017. A longitudinal survey (2013–2017) of 5527 adolescents aged 12–17 in the four study communities enabled the calculation of residential and journey-to-school measures of tobacco retailer exposure. Trends were stratified by deprivation, urbanity and socioeconomic status.ResultsRetail provision of tobacco declined following the introduction of the POS legislation in 2013. However, there were strong geographic differences; nationally, one-fifth of local authorities have increased provision since 2015. In the four study communities, tobacco retail provision was generally stable over the study period. Although product visibility of tobacco products reduced for adolescents there was growing socioeconomic disparity in the density of tobacco retailers and the visibility of tobacco storage.ConclusionsThe POS ban reduced exposure to tobacco products in communities across Scotland. However, tobacco products remain widely available, and there is growing socioeconomic disparity in the availability and visibility of tobacco.

scholarly journals Smokeless Tobacco Point of Sale Advertising, Placement and Promotion: Associations With Store and Neighborhood Characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley A. James ◽  
John G. Heller ◽  
Chantel J. Hartman ◽  
Andrew C. Schaff ◽  
Nasir Mushtaq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smokeless Tobacco ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
Neighborhood Characteristics ◽  
Price Promotion ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
Convenience Stores ◽  
Tobacco Initiation ◽  
Prevalence Ratios

Introduction: Objectives of this study were to determine retail and neighborhood characteristics associated with smokeless tobacco (ST) product promotion, price promotion, and storefront advertising among retailers in Oklahoma.Methods: In this statewide point-of-sale study, we collected data from 1,354 ST retailers. Using store characteristics and census tract information, we estimated summary statistics and adjusted prevalence ratios during 2019–2020.Results: Of ST retailers audited, 11.0% demonstrated ST youth promotion, 43.0% ST price promotions, and 19.6% ST storefront advertising. The adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) for convenience stores was higher for all three ST strategies: youth promotion (aPR = 3.4, 95% CI 1.9, 6.2), price promotion (aPR = 3.8, 95% CI 2.9, 5.0), and storefront advertising (aPR=16.4, 95% CI 6.7, 40.3) compared to other store types. Metropolitan tobacco retailers had higher aPRs for youth promotion (aPR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.12 2.6) and storefront advertising (aPR = 1.5, 95% CI 1.2, 1.9).Conclusions: Findings of this study suggest there are currently ample opportunities for youth and adults at risk for tobacco initiation to be exposed to ST products in the retail environment. Convenience stores, more likely to be found and utilized in rural areas compared to metropolitan areas, are disproportionately more likely to engage in marketing strategies that could lure youth into trying smokeless tobacco.

scholarly journals Impact of a Healthy Retail Intervention on Fruits and Vegetables and Total Sales in Tribally Owned Convenience Stores: Findings From the THRIVE Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 152483992095312
Author(s):  
Mary B. Williams ◽  
Wenyu Wang ◽  
Tori Taniguchi ◽  
Alicia L. Salvatore ◽  
William K. Groover ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Convenience Stores ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Total Sales ◽  
Healthy Retail

Background Healthy retail interventions are a recommended intervention strategy to address diet-related diseases, such as obesity and diabetes; however, retail managers are concerned about their bottom line. This study’s aim was to assess the impact of a healthy retail intervention on fruits and vegetables (FV) sales, as well as total sales, in tribally owned convenience stores where grocery stores are scarce. Method We analyzed weekly sales data over the first 6 months of a healthy retail intervention. We assessed the proportion of sales from two FV baskets. The FV basket included all fresh, canned, and dried FV sold at stores; while the fruits, vegetables, and salads (FVS) basket included all FV items as well as all salads sold. We compared mean weekly sales rates in intervention and control stores over the 6-month period using generalized estimating equations models to account for repeated measures. Results Mean weekly FV basket sales rates were higher in intervention stores than control stores in both Nations. Mean weekly FVS baskets sales were significantly higher in intervention stores than control stores in one Nation and were higher, but not statistically significant, in intervention stores in the other Nation. Total sales remained steady throughout the intervention period. Conclusions The THRIVE (Tribal Health and Resilience in Vulnerable Environments) intervention increased FV sales without negatively affecting total sales. Policy and Practice Implications. Healthy retail interventions in tribal convenience stores, where many Native Americans living in rural areas shop due to scarcity of grocery stores, could improve diet-related disparities without reducing total sales.

Intra-Urban Migrations and Deprived Neighbourhoods in Flanders and Brussels

2005 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
Stefan De Corte ◽  
Peter Raymaekers ◽  
Karen Thaens ◽  
Brecht Vandekerckhove
Keyword(s):  
Inner City ◽  
Migration Pattern ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Economic Perspective ◽  
Inner Cities ◽  
Deprived Neighbourhoods ◽  
Neighbourhood Level ◽  
Belgian Population ◽  
First Time ◽  
Migrant Groups

This paper analyses migrations at neighbourhood level in relation to the persistence of deprived neighbourhoods. The research is based on a sample of deprived neighbourhoods located in the inner-cities of Brussels and six Flemish cities. Their migration pattern was analysed and compared to a sample of middle-class neighbourhoods which are also located in the inner city. More than one million migration movements covering a period of 14 years (1986-1999) were analysed according to age, nationality and family composition. This was the first time that data of this kind were available for research in Belgium. The main findings hint at a migration pattern that perpetuates deprived neighbourhoods. Residents of these neighbourhoods move more often and over a shorter distance then their counterparts in the reference neighbourhoods. Residents of a deprived neighbourhood also tend to move to another deprived neighbourhood. A clear difference is noted between the Belgian population and migrant groups such as Moroccans and Turks. Groups that are weaker from a socio-economic perspective tend to stay much more within the circuit of deprived neighbour-hoods, hereby perpetuating their existence. We also noted that once their economic situation has improved, the strongest households move out of the neighbourhood, leaving the rest of the population ‘trapped‘ behind. The article closes with a set of policy recommendations.

An Analysis of E-Cigarette Marketing in New Zealand Tobacco Retail Outlets Prior to Legislative Change

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1221-1224
Author(s):  
Jerram Bateman ◽  
Lindsay A Robertson ◽  
Louise Marsh ◽  
Claire Cameron ◽  
Janet Hoek
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
Legislative Change ◽  
Convenience Stores ◽  
Type Area ◽  
High Deprivation ◽  
Self Service

Abstract Introduction In 2017, the New Zealand (NZ) Government announced its intention to liberalize the sale and promotion of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), including permitting any outlet to sell ENDS. This research estimated the proportion of tobacco outlets selling ENDS prior to legislative change, documented ENDS point-of-sale (POS) marketing, and examined associations between ENDS availability and outlet type, area-level deprivation, study region, and proximity to a secondary school. Aims and Methods After drawing a proportional random sample of 281 tobacco outlets from two NZ regions that included convenience stores, supermarkets, and petrol stations, we conducted observational in-store assessments to record ENDS product ranges and promotions. Data were collected between October and December 2017 and analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression modeling. Results Of tobacco outlets sampled, 22% sold ENDS; these were typically convenience stores (85%) and located in high deprivation areas (53%). Of stores selling ENDS, products were visible at POS in 89% of stores, including 15% with self-service displays and 15% with displays adjacent to children’s products. ENDS advertising was present in 31% of the outlets and generally promoted ENDS as cheaper than smoked cigarettes. Conclusions Liberalizing access to ENDS could reduce harms caused by smoking; however, extensive use of POS promotions will reach children and young people as well as smokers. While reducing harm among smokers is important, policy makers also need to ensure that regulations protect children from ENDS promotions. Implications Careful regulation is required to ensure increases in ENDS availability are not accompanied by an increase in young people’s exposure to ENDS marketing at the POS.

Tobacco retail outlet density and risk of youth smoking in New Zealand

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (e2) ◽  
pp. e71-e74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Marsh ◽  
Ali Ajmal ◽  
Rob McGee ◽  
Lindsay Robertson ◽  
Claire Cameron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Youth Smoking ◽  
Retail Outlet ◽  
Outlet Density

Abstract P244: Relations Between Residential Fast-food Environment and Individual Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilonca Vaartjes ◽  
Ilonca Vaartjes ◽  
Maartje Poelman ◽  
Maartje Poelman
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Food Environment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fast Food ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Neighbourhood Level ◽  
Outlet Density ◽  
One Year ◽  
Dutch Sample ◽  
The Individual

Background: The food environment has been hypothesized to influence cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as hypertension and coronary heart disease (CHD). This study determines the relation between fast-food outlet density (FFD) and the individual risk for CVD, among a nationwide Dutch sample. Methods: After linkage of three national registers , a cohort of 2,472,004 adults (≥35 year), free from CVD at January 1 st 2009, and living at the same address for ≥15 years was constructed. Participants were followed for one year to determine incidence of CVD, including CHD, stroke and heart failure. FFD within 500m, 1000m and 3000m from residential addresses was related to CVD using logistic regression, stratifying models by degree of urbanisation and adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, comorbidity, neighbourhood-level income and population density. Results: In urban areas, fully adjusted models indicated that the incidence of CVD and CHD was significantly higher within 500m buffers containing one or more fast food outlets compared to areas without outlets. An elevated FFD within 1000m was associated with a significantly increased incidence of CVD and CHD. Evidence was less pronounced for 3000m buffers, or for stroke and heart-failure incidence. Conclusions: Elevated FFD in the urban residential environment (≤1000m) was related with an increased incidence of CVD and CHD. To better understand how FFD is associated with CVD, future studies should account for a wider range of lifestyle and environmental confounders than was achieved in this study.

scholarly journals Use of out-of-hours primary care in affluent and deprived neighbourhoods during reforms in long-term care: an observational study from 2013 to 2016

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. e026426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa Jansen ◽  
Robert A Verheij ◽  
Francois G Schellevis ◽  
Anton E Kunst
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Electronic Health Records ◽  
Long Term Care ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Health Records ◽  
Out Of Hours ◽  
Deprived Neighbourhoods ◽  
Neighbourhood Level

ObjectivesMajor long-term care (LTC) reforms in the Netherlands in 2015 may specifically have disadvantaged socioeconomically deprived groups to acquire LTC, possibly impacting the use of acute care. We aimed to demonstrate whether LTC reforms coincided with changes in the use of out-of-hours (OOH) primary care services (PCSs), and to compare changes between deprived versus affluent neighbourhoods.DesignEcological observational retrospective study using routinely recorded electronic health records data from 2013 to 2016 and population registry data.SettingData from 15 OOH PCSs participating in the Nivel Primary Care Database (covering approximately 6.5 million inhabitants) in the Netherlands. PCS utilisation data on neighbourhood level were matched with sociodemographic characteristics, including neighbourhood socioeconomic status (SES).ParticipantsElectronic health records from 6 120 384 OOH PCS contacts in 2013–2016, aggregated to neighbourhood level.Outcome measures and analysesNumber of contacts per 1000 inhabitants/year (total, high/low-urgency, night/evening-weekend-holidays, telephone consultations/consultations/home visits).Multilevel linear regression models included neighbourhood (first level), nested within PCS catchment area (second level), to account for between-PCS variation, adjusted for neighbourhood characteristics (for instance: % men/women). Difference-in-difference in time-trends according to neighbourhood SES was assessed with addition of an interaction term to the analysis (year×neighbourhood SES).ResultsBetween 2013 and 2016, overall OOH PCS use increased by 6%. Significant increases were observed for high-urgency contacts and contacts during the night. The largest change was observed for the most deprived neighbourhoods (10% compared with 4%–6% in the other neighbourhoods; difference not statistically significant). The increasing trend in OOH PCS use developed practically similar for deprived and affluent neighbourhoods. A a stable gradient reflected more OOH PCS use for each lower stratum of SES.ConclusionsLTC reforms coincided with an overall increase in OOH PCS use, with nearly similar trends for deprived and affluent neighbourhoods. The results suggest a generalised spill over to OOH PCS following LTC reforms.

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