Body-Worn Cameras and Policing

Criminology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Young ◽  
Audrey Puckett
Keyword(s):  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Police Departments ◽  
Organizational Effects ◽  
Citizen Complaints ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Justice Perceptions ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Citizen Interactions ◽  
In The Beginning

Body-worn cameras (BWCs) are being deployed in police departments at unprecedented rates according to empirical research. In trying to catch up, research into the technology is now rapidly growing. Especially in the beginning, the technology presented various potential positives, such as increasing police legitimacy and accountability as well as aiding with reports. Research into BWCs is split into seven main themes: General Overviews, Standalone Empirical Works, Police-Citizen Interactions, Perceptions of BWCs, Officer Compliance with BWCs and Impacts on Reports, Organizational Effects, and Costs and Benefits of BWCs. To start, general overviews provides articles and reports which investigate the literature as a whole and identify common themes. Many of these articles entail extensive literature reviews. Standalone Empirical Works includes research that approaches BWCs from new angles and perspectives. The sections Police-Citizen Interactions and Perceptions of BWCs have received the largest amount of attention. Police-Citizen Interactions includes material that examines how BWCs influence citizen cooperation or compliance with the police, citizen complaints of the police, reports of police use of force, and use of procedural justice. Perceptions of BWCs includes research on attitudes held by both citizens and police, though the majority of articles investigate officer beliefs. Officer Compliance with BWCs and Impacts on Reports examines how the beliefs of officers impact usage and subsequent use of footage. Then the article moves into examining how BWCs and organizations reciprocally impact each other. The article ends with presenting reports and articles that weigh the costs and benefits of deploying BWCs.

scholarly journals The Economics of Policing and Public Safety

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 3-28
Author(s):  
Emily Owens ◽  
Bocar Ba
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Relative Magnitude ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Police Departments ◽  
Indirect Benefits ◽  
Monitoring Strategies ◽  
Police Action ◽  
The City

The efficiency of any police action depends on the relative magnitude of its crime-reducing benefits and legitimacy costs. Policing strategies that are socially efficient at the city level may be harmful at the local level, because the distribution of direct costs and benefits of police actions that reduce victimization is not the same as the distribution of indirect benefits of feeling safe. In the United States, the local misallocation of police resources is disproportionately borne by Black and Hispanic individuals. Despite the complexity of this particular problem, the incentives facing both police departments and police officers tend to be structured as if the goals of policing were simple—to reduce crime by as much as possible. Formal data collection on the crime reducing-benefits of policing, and not the legitimacy costs, produce s further incentives to provide more engagement than may be efficient in any specific encounter, at both the officer and departmental level. There is currently little evidence as to what screening, training, or monitoring strategies are most effective at encouraging individual officers to balance the crime reducing benefits and legitimacy costs of their actions.

scholarly journals Green Banking in the Way of Sustainable Development: An Overview of Practice and Progress in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 105-119 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Green Finance ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
The Way

The main objective of the study is to evaluate the practice and progress of the activities of green banking in the way of sustainable development of Bangladesh. Green banking is regarded as sustainable banking, which has a role to safeguard the planet from environmental degradation, with an aim of ensuring sustainable development. It comprises the choices that take sustainability into account. Sustainable development is an expansion that comes across the requirements of the present situation without overlooking the capacity of future situations to meet the necessities. Bangladesh is in need of proper adaptation and utilization of green banking for its sustainable development. The present study is conceptual and analytical in nature based on the secondary data with an extensive literature survey along with scanning the annual and quarterly reports of Bangladesh Bank on green banking during the 2011-2019 fiscal years. The secondary sources of data are internet and commercial banks websites, Bangladesh Bank (BB) websites and literature reviews, etc. The collected data are analyzed and interpreted in the light of the practice and progress of activities of green banking in Bangladesh from a global perspective. The study shows that banking in Bangladesh is in the diversification phase passing through the intensification and foundation phases. It is progressing steadily. They have a lot more scope to contribute to the diversification of green finance in the way of sustainable development of Bangladesh. Rigorous, effective, and coherent efforts from banks in this regard are the demands of the day.

Research paradigms in international human resource management: An epistemological systematisation of the field

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-123
Author(s):  
Jaime Bonache ◽  
Marion Festing
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Human Resource Management ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
International Human Resource Management ◽  
Research Paradigms ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
International Human ◽  
Sampling Procedures

The explicit consideration of Research Paradigms in International Human Resource Management, the title of this Special Issue, helps us in analysing and systematising the field to show how research in international human resource management is typically conducted, what preferred perspectives prevail and which approaches have been rather neglected so far. In this introduction, we map the field, and after defining the contours of international human resource management, we use the distinction between positivism and interpretivism to outline implications for the goals of international human resource management studies and associated ontological and epistemological assumptions. Next, we analyse research methods, ways to construct research questions, researchers’ roles, sampling procedures, data collection techniques, key theoretical contributions, focus on context in theory construction, quality indicators of data analysis and evaluation criteria in each of the two key research paradigms when studying international human resource management issues. In so doing, we offer a framework for the contributions made to this Special Issue, including literature reviews focusing on the systematisation of international human resource management research, using various paradigm lenses and specific methods. We sincerely hope that the notions, typologies and contributions included in this Special Issue, all based on extensive literature reviews, will help advance research in international human resource management.

scholarly journals The emergence of simple languages in an experimental coordination game

2007 ◽  
Vol 104 (18) ◽  
pp. 7361-7366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhard Selten ◽  
Massimo Warglien
Keyword(s):  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Coordination Failures ◽  
Linguistic Communication ◽  
Common Code ◽  
Linguistic Resources ◽  
Communicative Success ◽  
In The Beginning

We investigate in a series of laboratory experiments how costs and benefits of linguistic communication affect the emergence of simple languages in a coordination task when no common language is available in the beginning. The experiment involved pairwise computerized communication between 152 subjects involved in at least 60 rounds. The subjects had to develop a common code referring to items in varying lists of geometrical figures distinguished by up to three features. A code had to be made of a limited repertoire of letters. Using letters had a cost. We are interested in the question of whether a common code is developed, and what enhances its emergence. Furthermore, we explore the emergence of compositional, protogrammatical structure in such codes. We compare environments that differ in terms of available linguistic resources (number of letters available) and in terms of stability of the task environment (variability in the set of figures). Our experiments show that a too small repertoire of letters causes coordination failures. Cost efficiency and role asymmetry are important factors enhancing communicative success. In stable environments, grammars do not seem to matter much, and instead efficient arbitrary codes often do better. However, in an environment with novelty, compositional grammars offer considerable coordination advantages and therefore are more likely to arise.

Comprehensive review of literature survey articles on ERP

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingting Huang ◽  
Kazuhiko Yasuda
Keyword(s):  
Enterprise Resource Planning ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Resource Planning ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Literature Reviews

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to highlight the current status of enterprise resource planning (ERP) field and address some issues in literature reviews, the authors conduct a comprehensive literature survey of extensive literature reviews of ERP in organizational contexts and map all the existing research issues that have been mentioned. Design/methodology/approach – Two groups of keywords are set to search papers through academic search engine and academic databases. Total 86 literature reviews have been accumulated and categorized into three main categories and five sub-categories. The authors adopt multi-method approach to analyze the survey result. It consists of review type, geographical area, publication type, theory, and process approach. Findings – Literature reviews need more continuity, objectivity, and integrality. More efforts should be made to increase methodologically sound and theoretically grounded research. In ERP research field, the topics in the post-implementation phase are heating up recently but still in its initial stage as well as small and medium enterprises research. The development of ERP in specific area or industry is considered to be critical. More longitudinal case study should be launched. Looking for the distribution of research across geographical areas is a potential perspective of researching as well. Originality/value – This is the first comprehensive research that aims to analyze all the literature review in ERP field. The specific analysis provides critical detail for researchers to find the needed research. The discussion of this paper can be very valuable and helpful for assisting researchers to find their directions, and contributing to the development of literature reviews in ERP research field.

scholarly journals CUA Guideline: Management of ureteral calculi

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ordon ◽  
Sero Andonian ◽  
Brian Blew ◽  
Trevor Schuler ◽  
Ben Chew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Conservative Management ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Ureteral Stones ◽  
Shockwave Lithotripsy ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Medical Expulsive Therapy ◽  
Literature Reviews

The focus of this guideline is the management of ureteral stones. Specifically, the topics covered include: conservative management, medical expulsive therapy, active intervention with either shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) or ureteroscopy (URS), factors affecting SWL treatment success, optimizing success, and special considerations (e.g., pregnancy, urinary diversion). By performing extensive literature reviews for each topic evaluated, we have generated an evidence-based consensus on the management of ureteral stones. The objective of this guideline is to help standardize the treatment of ureteral stones to optimize treatment outcomes.

scholarly journals An International Comparison of Nongovernmental Education Research Agencies

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1&2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Yao Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Education Research ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Quality ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
Research Education ◽  
Education Practice ◽  
In The Beginning

Since the beginning of 1990s, nations like the United Kingdom and the United States and multilateral organizations like UNESCO and OECD were looking forward to promoting the quality of education research and linking bridges among education research, education policies, and schooling. The principal investigator focuses on the issues associated with nongovernmental education research agencies with a goal to improve the construction of nongovernmental education research agencies in Taiwan. To overcome the research purposes we mentioned in the beginning, the researcher collects an extensive literature review related to education research agencies, education research policies, education research quality indicators, and schooling first. Moreover, the author aims at the issue related to nongovernmental education research agencies in eight case countries or international organizations to analyze the problems and struggles along with education research policies, education research quality indicators, and education practice via field study and in-depth interview data collection methods in each case country. Finally, the researcher juxtaposes and compares the development and models of nongovernmental research agencies in the world along with current issues in Taiwan. By conducting a series of focus group discussion panels on the issues of nongovernmental research agencies, the researcher reflects on the recent situation of nongovernmental research agencies with the interaction among education research, education research policies, education research quality indicators, and education practices, and provide some suggestions for future strategic plans on the development of nongovernmental research agencies and education research in Taiwan.

Nāri in the Levant: Historical and Etymological Aspects of a Specific Calcrete Formation

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danny Itkin ◽  
Aharon Geva-Kleinberger ◽  
Dan Yaalon ◽  
Uri Shaanan ◽  
Haim Goldfus
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Late Pliocene ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Colloquial Arabic ◽  
Definition Of

The colloquial Arabic term nāri has become, since the late 1890s, the most commonly used term for describing a specific type of calcrete formation in the Levant. While it is reasonable to expect that such a long period of time would be sufficient for the establishment of a coherent use of the term, a combination of extensive literature reviews with field observations prove otherwise. A study of the geological contexts and etymology of the term nāri and a review of literature back as far as the second half of the nineteenth century reveal a great lack of consistency among scientists' use of the term. Correlating the terminological evolution of nāri with present-day understanding of its formation mechanisms, its stratigraphic associations and contemporary uses of the term among scientists and local Arabs, allows us to propose a clear and consistent definition of nāri. Our suggested definition recognizes it as a distinct surficial lithology. We show that the formation of nāri in the Levant started in a regional calcretisation event in the late Pliocene to mid Pleistocene and is ongoing in the Levant nowadays.

Are Excipients Really Inert Ingredients? A Review of Adverse Reactions to Excipients in Oral Dermatologic Medications in Canada

2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Noiles ◽  
Ronald Vender
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Reference Guide ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Inert Ingredients

Background: Whereas several literature reviews have discussed the role of excipients in drug-related reactions, no article has focused specifically on those found in oral dermatologic medications. Methods: The Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties (CPS) was used to reference the inert ingredients found in oral dermatologic medications. An extensive literature review was subsequently conducted using PubMed and MEDLINE to document adverse reactions to these excipients. Results: Sixty-three oral dermatologie medications were reviewed. Lactose was commonly used as a filler. Several medications indicated that they were dye, tartrazine, or gluten free. Three medications were found to contain soybean oil and one was found to contain peanut oil. Conclusions: Although there are documented reactions to excipients in other products in the literature, few reports outline reactions to excipients in oral dermatologie medications. Whether this low frequency is accurate or whether it is due to a lack of reporting remains unknown. If the latter reasoning is correct, dermatologists must be more aware of these possible reactions. This article serves as a reference guide for dermatologists to aid in prescribing medications to individuals with known sensitivities and to assist in working up patients with suspected reactions to inert ingredients.

scholarly journals Instructor Adoption of E-learning Systems in Tanzania’s Universities: A Proposed Multi-Factors Adoption Model (MFAM11)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deogratius Mathew Lashayo ◽  
Md Gapar Md Johar
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Learning Environment ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Learning Systems ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Application Domain ◽  
Delone And Mclean ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Adoption Model

Current studies show that there is no comprehensive adoption model in e-learning systems in universities. This problem opens up to too much debates about which models and frameworks fit well in an e-learning environment particularly in universities in Tanzania. This paper answers the two debatable questions, which are:(1) what are the factors that affect adoption of e-learning systems in Tanzania’s universities, (2) what is the comprehensive e-learning adoption model in universities in Tanzania. This research study adapts DeLone and McLean (2003) IS model after an extensive literature reviews conducted in information systems and in e-learning systems. The findings from this research will add up to literature of limited factors’ model and it will open it up for validation in a different universities’ application domain.

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