scholarly journals The emergence of simple languages in an experimental coordination game

2007 ◽  
Vol 104 (18) ◽  
pp. 7361-7366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhard Selten ◽  
Massimo Warglien
Keyword(s):  
Cost Efficiency ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Coordination Failures ◽  
Linguistic Communication ◽  
Common Code ◽  
Linguistic Resources ◽  
Communicative Success ◽  
In The Beginning

We investigate in a series of laboratory experiments how costs and benefits of linguistic communication affect the emergence of simple languages in a coordination task when no common language is available in the beginning. The experiment involved pairwise computerized communication between 152 subjects involved in at least 60 rounds. The subjects had to develop a common code referring to items in varying lists of geometrical figures distinguished by up to three features. A code had to be made of a limited repertoire of letters. Using letters had a cost. We are interested in the question of whether a common code is developed, and what enhances its emergence. Furthermore, we explore the emergence of compositional, protogrammatical structure in such codes. We compare environments that differ in terms of available linguistic resources (number of letters available) and in terms of stability of the task environment (variability in the set of figures). Our experiments show that a too small repertoire of letters causes coordination failures. Cost efficiency and role asymmetry are important factors enhancing communicative success. In stable environments, grammars do not seem to matter much, and instead efficient arbitrary codes often do better. However, in an environment with novelty, compositional grammars offer considerable coordination advantages and therefore are more likely to arise.

Rhinella icterica and Rhinella ornata (Anura: Bufonidae) tadpoles do not recognise siblings

2021 ◽  
pp. 214-220
Author(s):  
Alexandre Polettini Neto
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Inclusive Fitness ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Environmental Characteristics ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Aggregation Behaviour ◽  
Rearing Methods

Benefits conferred to animals living in groups may be greater if groups are formed by relatives rather than non-relatives, because cooperating with relatives increases the probability of their own genes being passed on to group offspring (inclusive fitness). Non-social aggregations are formed in response to environmental characteristics, while social aggregations are formed from the attraction among individuals. The attraction or repulsion between individuals is mediated by recognition mechanisms, which mediate important ecological processes and behaviours. Here, we conducted laboratory experiments to test if tadpoles of two sympatric bufonids, Rhinella icterica and R. ornata, are able to recognise siblings. We collected eggs of the two species in the field and raised them in laboratory settings, according to three different methods: siblings and non-siblings reared in separated containers; siblings and non-siblings reared in the same container separated by a plastic net; and eggs from the same spawn reared separately, each one in an individual container. Later, we tested if tadpoles could choose between groups of siblings and non-siblings. The results indicate that tadpoles of neither species were able to discriminate between siblings and non-siblings, regardless of the rearing methods. Therefore, kinship is less important than environmental factors in tadpole aggregation behaviour of these species, and it may be dependent on the balance between costs and benefits. Our results can be used as a start point to better understand tadpole aggregation behaviour and recognition mechanisms in these species.

Body-Worn Cameras and Policing

Criminology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Young ◽  
Audrey Puckett
Keyword(s):  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Police Departments ◽  
Organizational Effects ◽  
Citizen Complaints ◽  
Literature Reviews ◽  
Justice Perceptions ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Citizen Interactions ◽  
In The Beginning

Body-worn cameras (BWCs) are being deployed in police departments at unprecedented rates according to empirical research. In trying to catch up, research into the technology is now rapidly growing. Especially in the beginning, the technology presented various potential positives, such as increasing police legitimacy and accountability as well as aiding with reports. Research into BWCs is split into seven main themes: General Overviews, Standalone Empirical Works, Police-Citizen Interactions, Perceptions of BWCs, Officer Compliance with BWCs and Impacts on Reports, Organizational Effects, and Costs and Benefits of BWCs. To start, general overviews provides articles and reports which investigate the literature as a whole and identify common themes. Many of these articles entail extensive literature reviews. Standalone Empirical Works includes research that approaches BWCs from new angles and perspectives. The sections Police-Citizen Interactions and Perceptions of BWCs have received the largest amount of attention. Police-Citizen Interactions includes material that examines how BWCs influence citizen cooperation or compliance with the police, citizen complaints of the police, reports of police use of force, and use of procedural justice. Perceptions of BWCs includes research on attitudes held by both citizens and police, though the majority of articles investigate officer beliefs. Officer Compliance with BWCs and Impacts on Reports examines how the beliefs of officers impact usage and subsequent use of footage. Then the article moves into examining how BWCs and organizations reciprocally impact each other. The article ends with presenting reports and articles that weigh the costs and benefits of deploying BWCs.

scholarly journals Measuring conventionalization in the manual modality

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Savithry Namboodiripad ◽  
Daniel Lenzen ◽  
Ryan Lepic ◽  
Tessa Verhoef
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Language Evolution ◽  
Microsoft Kinect ◽  
Sign Languages ◽  
Social Coordination ◽  
Language Research ◽  
The World ◽  
Communicative Success ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Gestures produced by users of spoken languages differ from signs produced by users of sign languages in that gestures are more typically ad hoc and idiosyncratic, while signs are more typically conventionalized and shared within a language community. To measure how gestures may change over time as a result of the process of conventionalization, we used a social coordination game to elicit repeated silent gestures from hearing non-signers, and used Microsoft Kinect to unobtrusively track the movement of their bodies as they gestured. Our approach follows from a tradition of laboratory experiments designed to study language evolution and draws upon insights from sign language research on language emergence. Working with silent gesture, we were able to simulate and quantify hallmarks of conventionalization that have been described for sign languages, in the laboratory. With Kinect, we measured a reduction in the size of the articulatory space and a decrease in the distance traveled by the articulators, while communicative success increased between participants over time. This approach opens the door for more direct future comparisons between ad hoc gestures produced in the lab and natural sign languages in the world.

scholarly journals NIVELES DE USO DEL LENGUAJE Y SUS TIPOS

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (121) ◽  
pp. 57-72
Author(s):  
شذى اسماعيل جبوري ◽  
محمد هاشم محيسن
Keyword(s):  
Common Language ◽  
High Class ◽  
Common Code ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Common ◽  
Selection Of

The language is the instrument that allows communication between the members of a particular community. It is clear that the speakers of any language need to use a common code. However, different social, geographical and individual circumstances contribute to that there are different ways to use the same language. . Although it is essential to maintain a certain consistency to make communication possible. This use of language leads to linguistic varieties. Not all speakers of each place speak the common language in the same way. Each person uses a variety of language that is marked, not only by geographical circumstance (the place where he learned to speak and where you live, but by the social circumstances (high class, medium, or low that belongs).) One and another van inseparably bound, in such a way that it is essential to define the language of an individual to determine these two coordinates, the horizontal (or geographical) and vertical (or social). Our work is a selection of words and vulgar and colloquial expressions heard in different places and people. The work has a single chapter. At the beginning we have talked about the three concepts: language, speech and standard. We have said about the behavior of people with their language, whether conscious or unconscious of what they used to talk about.

Graduate Advising in Experimental Research Groups

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (03) ◽  
pp. 620-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
James N. Druckman ◽  
Adam J. Howat ◽  
Kevin J. Mullinix
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Quality Research ◽  
Graduate Advising ◽  
Experimental Data Collection ◽  
Structure Research

ABSTRACTSurvey and laboratory experiments are increasingly common in political science. Investment in experimental data collection comes with costs and benefits, particularly for graduate students and advisers. This article describes a set of institutionalized procedures we have adopted with the goal of capitalizing on the advantages that come with experimental research. This includes requiring planning documents, holding research-group meetings, and centralizing data collection. We conclude by discussing the limitations of our approach, ultimately highlighting the need for more disciplinary conversation about how to best structure research groups to produce quality research and advising.

Separated by a Common Language: How the Nature of Code Differences Shapes Communication Success and Code Convergence

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Özgecan Koçak ◽  
Phanish Puranam
Keyword(s):  
Computational Models ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Common Code ◽  
Coordinated Action ◽  
New Codes ◽  
Task Environments

Coordinated action within and beween organizations is easier when individuals share communication codes—mappings between stimuli and labels. Because codes are specific to the groups within which they arise as conventions, collaboration across organizational units that have developed their own distinctive codes is often difficult. However, not all code differences are equal in their implications for communication difficulty and the capacity of individuals starting out with different codes to develop a shared code. Using computational models, we develop a theory about the nature of differences in initial communication codes and how they impact convergence on a common code. Our results show that the difficulty of code convergence lies not as much in learning new codes as in unlearning existing ones. The most severe challenges to communication stem from “code clashes” where codes contain different mappings between the same labels and stimuli. Furthermore, clashes that arise when agents have developed their individual codes in different task environments but draw on a common set of labels are likely to be the hardest to recover from, reflecting the perils of being “separated by a common language.” This paper was accepted by Lamar Pierce, organizations.

Using the research on intergroup conflict in nonhuman animals to help inform patterns of human intergroup conflict

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda R. Ridley ◽  
Melanie O. Mirville
Keyword(s):  
Large Body ◽  
Nonhuman Animal ◽  
Intergroup Conflict ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Animal Groups ◽  
Interesting Article ◽  
Nonhuman Animals

Abstract There is a large body of research on conflict in nonhuman animal groups that measures the costs and benefits of intergroup conflict, and we suggest that much of this evidence is missing from De Dreu and Gross's interesting article. It is a shame this work has been missed, because it provides evidence for interesting ideas put forward in the article.

Covering of cometary nucleus by refractory crust and its evolution into asteroid-like body

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 365-370
Author(s):  
Kh.I. Ibadinov
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Cometary Nucleus ◽  
Sublimation Rate ◽  
Cometary Nuclei ◽  
Short Period Comet ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Brightness Decrease ◽  
Crust Thickness ◽  
Ice Sublimation ◽  
Period Comet

AbstractFrom the established dependence of the brightness decrease of a short-period comet dependence on the perihelion distance of its orbit it follows that part of the surface of these cometary nuclei gradually covers by a refractory crust. The results of cometary nucleus simulation show that at constant insolation energy the crust thickness is proportional to the square root of the insolation time and the ice sublimation rate is inversely proportional to the crust thickness. From laboratory experiments resulted the thermal regime, the gas productivity of the nucleus, covering of the nucleus by the crust, and the tempo of evolution of a short-period comet into the asteroid-like body studied.

Drug Induced Changes in Cell Organelles

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 110-111
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Luse
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Cell Organelles ◽  
Riboflavin Deficiency ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
New Era ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Cellular Pathology ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Impact

In the mid-nineteenth century Virchow revolutionized pathology by introduction of the concept of “cellular pathology”. Today, a century later, this term has increasing significance in health and disease. We now are in the beginning of a new era in pathology, one which might well be termed “organelle pathology” or “subcellular pathology”. The impact of lysosomal diseases on clinical medicine exemplifies this role of pathology of organelles in elucidation of disease today.Another aspect of cell organelles of prime importance is their pathologic alteration by drugs, toxins, hormones and malnutrition. The sensitivity of cell organelles to minute alterations in their environment offers an accurate evaluation of the site of action of drugs in the study of both function and toxicity. Examples of mitochondrial lesions include the effect of DDD on the adrenal cortex, riboflavin deficiency on liver cells, elevated blood ammonia on the neuron and some 8-aminoquinolines on myocardium.

A View of the Lexical–Grammatical Link in Young Latinos With Specific Language Impairment Using Language-Specific and Conceptual Measures

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 1775-1786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucía I. Méndez ◽  
Gabriela Simon-Cereijido
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Language Impairment ◽  
Specific Language Impairment ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Specific Language ◽  
Vocabulary Skills ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
L1 And L2

Purpose This study investigated the nature of the association of lexical–grammatical abilities within and across languages in Latino dual language learners (DLLs) with specific language impairment (SLI) using language-specific and bilingual measures. Method Seventy-four Spanish/English–speaking preschoolers with SLI from preschools serving low-income households participated in the study. Participants had stronger skills in Spanish (first language [L1]) and were in the initial stages of learning English (second language [L2]). The children's lexical, semantic, and grammar abilities were assessed using normative and researcher-developed tools in English and Spanish. Hierarchical linear regressions of cross-sectional data were conducted using measures of sentence repetition tasks, language-specific vocabulary, and conceptual bilingual lexical and semantic abilities in Spanish and English. Results Results indicate that language-specific vocabulary abilities support the development of grammar in L1 and L2 in this population. L1 vocabulary also contributes to L2 grammar above and beyond the contribution of L2 vocabulary skills. However, the cross-linguistic association between vocabulary in L2 and grammar skills in the stronger or more proficient language (L1) is not observed. In addition, conceptual vocabulary significantly supported grammar in L2, whereas bilingual semantic skills supported L1 grammar. Conclusions Our findings reveal that the same language-specific vocabulary abilities drive grammar development in L1 and L2 in DLLs with SLI. In the early stages of L2 acquisition, vocabulary skills in L1 also seem to contribute to grammar skills in L2 in this population. Thus, it is critical to support vocabulary development in both L1 and L2 in DLLs with SLI, particularly in the beginning stages of L2 acquisition. Clinical and educational implications are discussed.

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