Co-Offending and the Role of Accomplices

Criminology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Criminal Enterprise ◽  
Broad Definition ◽  
Legal Definition ◽  
Diffusion Of Information ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Subsequent Behavior

The social nature of crime is one of the most well-recognized and established features of offending. Accomplices come in many forms, ranging from informal co-offenders drawn from available pools of offenders (i.e., friends, acquaintances) to more formal gang-related associates. For the purposes of this review, an accomplice will be considered anyone an individual has engaged in crime or participated in a criminal enterprise with. This broad definition (as opposed to its strict legal definition) enables an exhaustive and theoretically meaningful assessment of the group nature of crime to include collective spontaneous crime, co-offending, gang-related, and organized crime. Even within various accomplice relationships, individuals occupy various roles and positions that contribute to the diffusion of information within accomplice networks, commission of crime, and consequences. The study of accomplices has led to descriptive patterns of group-based offending, theoretical development aimed at understanding the decision to engage in crime with others, and a consideration of how such involvement impacts subsequent behavior. The following entry overviews key areas related to accomplices and references scholarship that explores this important dimension of crime.

scholarly journals Historical stages in the formation of the scientific knowledge system in a theoretical and methodological context

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S2) ◽  
pp. 96-107
Author(s):  
Leonid Griffen ◽  
Nadiia Ryzheva ◽  
Dmytro Nefodov ◽  
Lyudmila Hryashchevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Modern Society ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scientific Principles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Natural Result ◽  
Systemic Nature ◽  
Object Of Study

Current tendencies question the role of science in modern society, force returning to the processes of formation of the scientific paradigm. The latter was complex and nonlinear, and the formation of scientific principles of cognition was their natural result. Throughout human history, the knowledge about the objective world has been acquired and used in various, historically necessary forms – both in the methodology of cognition and in the method of systematisation, which was determined by the level of their accumulation. The accumulation of knowledge took place in different ways: in the process of direct practical activity, on the basis of supposedly “foreign” contemplation and as a result of conscious influence on an object of study (experiment) with their different “specific weight” at different historical stages. As for the systematisation, the need for which was determined by systemic nature of an object of knowledge and the social nature of knowledge, throughout the history of mankind its forms differed considerably, but, in the end, were reduced to three main ones. 

The Contemporary Reception of St Thomas on Law and Politics

2021 ◽  
pp. 611-625
Author(s):  
Michael Pakaluk
Keyword(s):  
Private Property ◽  
Political Liberalism ◽  
Political Society ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
Law And Politics ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Right

The reception of Thomistic political and legal philosophy is considered with respect to what is called ‘political liberalism’. The appeal to a hypothetical state of nature should be rejected, as it misconstrues the social nature of human beings. Aquinas’ account of the origin of political society starts from an interpretation of human nature. On this basis one can account for human rights, the importance of the right to religious liberty, the family as the basic cell of society, civil society as including subsidiary authorities, the importance of private property, and the nature and role of freedom. A key question for the continued flourishing of a free society is what practically enables persons to govern for the genuine good of others.

John Dewey’s Debt to William James

2018 ◽  
pp. 614-628
Author(s):  
James Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Social Practice ◽  
William James ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Pragmatic Account ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter discusses the relationship of William James (1842–1910) and John Dewey (1859–1952). In particular, it attempts to tease out the ways in which Dewey’s thought drew upon ideas presented earlier by James. Among the Jamesian themes that appear in Dewey’s work are Dewey’s melioristic, pragmatic account of social practice; his emphasis upon the importance of habits in organized human life; his presentation of the role of philosophy as a means of improving daily life; his recognition of the social nature of the self; and his call for a rejection of religious traditions and institutions in favor of an emphasis upon religious experience. Clarifying Dewey’s relationship with James should in no way lessen the value of Dewey’s thought. Rather, it makes clearer the continuities that existed between these two pragmatic thinkers.

scholarly journals Ecology-centred accounting for biodiversity in the production of a blanket bog

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 1537-1567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Cuckston
Keyword(s):  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Ecological Systems ◽  
Productive Force ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Blanket Bog ◽  
Scale Network ◽  
Human Actors

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the role of ecology-centred accounting for biodiversity in efforts to conserve biodiversity. Design/methodology/approach The paper examines a case study of biodiversity conservation efforts to restore a degraded blanket bog habitat. The analysis adopts a social nature perspective, which sees the social and the natural as inseparably intertwined in socio-ecological systems: complexes of relations between (human and non-human) actors, being perpetually produced by fluid interactions. Using a theoretical framework from the geography literature, consisting of four mutually constitutive dimensions of relations – territory, scale, network, and place (TSNP) – the analysis examines various forms of accounting for biodiversity that are centred on this blanket bog. Findings The analysis finds that various forms of ecology-centred accounting for biodiversity have rendered this blanket bog visible and comprehensible in multiple ways, so as to contribute towards making this biodiversity conservation thinkable and possible. Originality/value This paper brings theorising from geography, concerning the social nature perspective and the TSNP framework, into the study of accounting for biodiversity. This has enabled a novel analysis that reveals the productive force of ecology-centred accounting for biodiversity, and the role of such accounting in organising the world so as to produce socio-ecological systems that aid biodiversity conservation.

Which role for theory in international law? Report on the Workshop “Kelsen — Schmitt — Arendt: Constitutionalism in (International) Law”, Leipzig, June 11/12, 2009

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1306-1322
Author(s):  
Isabelle Ley
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
State Of Exception ◽  
Distinct Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Level ◽  
New Applications ◽  
Analytical Tools

AbstractLaw is a discipline which allows us to combine a high level of doctrinal craftsmanship with an equally high level of theoretical reflection and (re-)construction of legal-political developments. For the academic scholar, law is practice, theory and doctrine, each requiring a distinct set of goals, a distinct set of methods and a distinct level of abstraction. For some time, the international legal discipline has been described as lacking in theoretical development. This consideration may have motivated the conveners of a Kelsen-Schmitt-Arendt conference series when they decided that it was time for a re-engagement with the theories of Kelsen, Schmitt, and Arendt. The first workshop on constitutionalism will be the object of this commentary.Kelsen, Schmitt and Arendt have experienced unexpected and innovative reception in recent years: Schmitt has contributed to questions such as the problematic role of human rights, the institutionalization of politics as conflict, as well as new applications of the state of exception. Kelsen's international writings as well as his democratic theory have borne a fruitful re-reading, and Arendt, who has been widely read, and written about in the social sciences for several years, has finally reached the law faculties.The primary interest of this comment lies in the question of how international legal scientific work can make use of legal and political theory. A whole range of politico-legal developments in the European and international arenas are currently creating new forms of institutions, obligations, and types of engagement between legal orders. The velocity and the diversity of these developments are challenging traditional frameworks, paradigms, and analytical tools of the discipline. This task of conceptualization asks for and lends itself to theorization. Which approaches to theory are available for legal scholars, and what kind of insights do they offer? The conference offered the chance to witness different examples of how theory can be accessed. What role is there for theory in international law and what is its potential?

L'agricoltura legale: i terreni agricoli confiscati alla criminalitŕ organizzata

2009 ◽  
pp. 153-173
Author(s):  
Elisa Ascione ◽  
Manuela Scornaienghi
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Use ◽  
Agricultural Areas

- This paper examines the role of social agriculture in disseminating the culture of legality in agricultural areas fallen prey to organized crime. It also investigates the relations between corruption and crime, underlining their negative effects on the economic growth of areas, as well as their social implications, highlighting the positive role of the social farm. In this respect the confiscation of land belonging to criminal organizations and its social use is of key importance for the institutions in asserting the rule of law. Furthermore, the article analyzes the assignment and geographic range of lands, pointing out institutional problems and the role of local administrations.EconLit Classification: Q100, Q130, Q150, K400Keywords: Social Agriculture, Legality, Social FarmsParole chiave: Agricoltura sociale, Legalitŕ, Cooperative sociali

Historical sources of science-as-social-practice: Michael Polanyi's Berlin

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jo nye
Keyword(s):  
Social Practice ◽  
Career Experiences ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
Everyday Practices ◽  
The Social ◽  
German Science ◽  
Social Tradition

Historians and sociologists of science often identify the ef.orescence of social stud-ies of science with the work of postwar American intellectuals such as Robert K. Merton and Thomas S. Kuhn. They often also refer to the views of Michael Polanyi (1891––1976) on the roles of tacit knowledge, apprenticeship, social tradition, and intellectual dogmas (or what Kuhn popularized as "paradigms") in the construction of scienti.c knowledge. The roots of Polanyi's views on the social nature of sci-ence and his insistence on the need for scientists' autonomy in managing their own affairs lie speci.cally in his career experiences as a physical chemist from 1920 to 1933 in the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft Institutes in Berlin-Dahlem. Polanyi worked in an institution in which scienti.c research was supported by an array of state, industrial, and philanthropic funds, but in which he and his colleagues enjoyed substantial autonomy in their everyday research. His own successes and failures in the .elds of physical chemistry, x-ray crystallography, and solid-state chemistry led him to re.ect upon the everyday practices of normal science and to stress the role of the ordinary rather than the revolutionary scientist in the production of scienti.c knowledge. Polanyi's views lend insight into the character of German science and the research institutes in Berlin-Dahlem in the late 19th and early 20th century.

scholarly journals Understanding the “social” nature of digital games

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Katherine Kaye
Keyword(s):  
Current Literature ◽  
Social Presence ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Conceptual Tool ◽  
Conceptual Mapping ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
The Social ◽  
Approaches To Study ◽  
Social Gaming

There is a wealth of academic evidence which points to the role of social gaming on a range of outcomes. Studies have employed a range of methodological approaches to study this, although the majority tend to use experimental methods. The current paper provides a review of the current literature on outcomes of “social gaming” alongside raising debate about the conceptual underpinnings of this term. A taxonomy is presented which draws distinctions for different types of “social gaming”. Namely, this conceptual mapping consists two dimensions of social presence (physical versus virtual) and behavioural interdependence (high versus low). The current review uses this taxonomy as a conceptual tool to map the existing literature in respect of how “social gaming” outcomes relate to these dimensions. This can help establish how much we really know about the outcomes of “social gaming” in respect of a more defined theoretical framework which to date has been unavailable in the current literature.

scholarly journals Russian Bogatyrs: Mission Impossible. Social Function of Giftedness

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-40
Author(s):  
Evgeniya Pesina
Keyword(s):  
Social Reality ◽  
Social Function ◽  
Social Consciousness ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Collective Consciousness ◽  
Epic Hero ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
The Social

The article examines the role of gifted people and their place in the Russian society. The prospects of individual-centered approach to conceptualizing giftedness are analyzed. As giftedness has social nature, so the hypothesis is advanced that to define this concept one should start by identifying the function that gifted people are called to perform in society. It is noted that this function is not reflected clearly in contemporary social consciousness; therefore its traces should be sought at deeper levels of collective consciousness, viz. in the ancient epic literature. This task is performed by means of analysis of an epic tale plot – the struggle of a bogatyr (an epic hero) with a grotesque creature (the text "Alyosha Popovich and Tugarin [Serpent]"). The resemblance between bogatyrs’s characteristic traits and the modern idea of gifted people is demonstrated. The conclusions are drawn about the subjective activity of bogatyrs, their function in the social reality and the connection of epic tale character to the modern concept of giftedness.

scholarly journals The interplay between accounting professionals and political ideologies: The emergence of Chinese accounting standards from 1978 to 1992

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Xu ◽  
Corinne Cortese ◽  
Eagle Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Language ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Political Transformations ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
Accounting Professionals ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
The Social

This article explores the role of accounting professionals in the emergence of the first set of accounting standards – Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises (ASBE) – in China between 1978 and 1992. Based on a variety of sources drawn from the archives of Chinese language accounting textbooks and highly ranked academic journals, this article reveals how accounting professionals adapted accounting thoughts and practice to fit the demands of the prevailing political ideologies, which facilitated the social conditions essential for the development of ASBE. Drawing on theoretical perspectives on the interplay between accounting and its social context, as pronounced and advocated by Hopwood and his collaborators, this article provides evidence that further demonstrates the social nature of accounting as it was implicated in the broader economic and political transformations in China between 1978 and 1992.

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