Australia’s Environment and Its Management

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.D. Rutherfurd
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
History Of

The Southern Hemisphere island continent of Australia (7 million km2) is old, flat, stable, and dry, with a high proportion of endemic biota. The environment of Australia is fundamentally shaped by its age, its aridity and interannual climate variability, and the role of fire. These help to explain the continent’s characteristic ecology, animals, and evergreen vegetation. Fire has also been the main tool used by indigenous populations to substantially alter the landscape in their 50,000 years of occupation. In just 200 years, a relatively small population of European colonizers (by world standards) has even more effectively transformed the environment of Australia through mining, land use change, invasive plants and animals, exploitation of water resources, and water quality degradation. Very high endemism is matched by some of the world’s highest rates of extinctions of plants and animals. Although human populations are clustered in capital cities, and on the coast, particular pressure has come on three globally notable environments: the Great Barrier Reef, Northern Australia, and the Great Artesian Basin. Parallel with destruction has been preservation, and Australia has a long history of environmental protection. Nearly 12 percent of the continent is in protected areas, including Australia’s sixteen UNESCO World Heritage Areas. There are also some globally notable developments in environmental management, including the burgeoning role of indigenous groups in managing over 30 percent of the continent, and radical water management in response to overexploitation of water resources. In the early 21st century, climate change influences every aspect of Australia’s environment. Australia also has seven external territories (including 42 percent of Antarctica) that are also of great environmental importance but are not covered in this review.

scholarly journals Grassroots Marketing in a Global Era: More Lessons from BiDil

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britt M. Rusert ◽  
Charmaine D. M. Royal
Keyword(s):  
Human Genome ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Genome Project ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Global Era ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
History Of ◽  
Genetic Technologies ◽  
Research Populations

Since the first phase of the formal effort to sequence the human genome, geneticists, social scientists and other scholars of race and ethnicity have warned that new genetic technologies and knowledge could have negative social effects, from biologizing racial and ethnic categories to the emergence of dangerous forms of genetic discrimination. Early on in the Human Genome Project (HGP), population geneticists like Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza enthusiastically advocated for the collection of DNA samples from global indigenous populations in order to track the history of human ancestry, migration, and languages, while social scientists like Troy Duster insisted that the new genetics was in danger of ushering in insidious practices of eugenics. The Human Genome Diversity Project's 1991 proposal to archive human genetic variation around the world quickly came under intense scrutiny by indigenous peoples and advocacy groups who worried that such measures could exploit indigenous groups as research populations and even resurrect racist taxonomies from the nineteenth century.

scholarly journals The Location of Settled Diasporas in Nova Scotian Fiction

Humanities ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Miasol Eguíbar-Holgado
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Direct Transformation ◽  
Diasporic Identity ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Native Identity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Presence ◽  
The One ◽  
History Of Migration ◽  
Nova Scotian

This article offers a comparative study between two novels by Nova Scotian writers: George and Rue (2006), by George Elliott Clarke, and No Great Mischief (2000), by Alistair MacLeod. The main purpose of this analysis is to transform some of the pervasive assumptions that dominate interpretations of diasporic ontologies. Most conceptual contexts of diaspora, constructed around the idea of a homeland that is located elsewhere, can only partially be applied to historically long-established communities. Clarke’s and MacLeod’s works emphasize “native” identity, the historical presence of Africans and Scots in Nova Scotia and their ensuing attachment to the (home)land. The novels illustrate how the hostland may be transformed into a homeland after centuries of settlement. The favoring of routes over roots of many current conceptualizations of the diaspora thus contravenes the foundations on which these groups construct a “native/diasporic” identity. However, in settler colonies such as Canada, identifying these groups as unequivocally native would imply the displacement of the legitimate Indigenous populations of these territories. A direct transformation from diaspora to indigenous subjectivity would entail the obliteration of a (however distant) history of migration, on the one hand, and the disavowal of Indigenous groups, on the other. For these reasons, new vocabulary needs to be developed that accurately comes to terms with this experience, which I propose to refer to as “settled diaspora.” In settled diasporas, the notions of attachment to a local identity are reconciled with having distant points of origin. At the same time, there is conceptual room to accommodate claims of belonging that differ from those by Indigenous populations. Thus, the concept of the settled diaspora redresses critical restrictions in diaspora theory that prevent discourses of migration from being applied to spaces of settlement.

scholarly journals The Influence of Milan on the Development of the Lombard Koiné in Fifteenth-Century Italy: the Letters of Elisabetta of Pavia

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh Brown
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Religious Writings ◽  
History Of ◽  
Main Tendency ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Development Of Language ◽  
The One

The main tendency characterizing the development of language in Lombardy in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries is the formation of a koiné. The extent to which Milan influenced the Lombard koiné is the subject of ongoing debate. On the one hand, scholars suggest that Milan provided a centralizing force for the “Milanization” of other Lombard vernaculars, similar to what occurred for Piedmont and the Veneto. On the other hand, studies have pointed out that Milan was not a centralizing force for the Lombard koiné and that it remains to be verified whether the prestige of Milanese influenced non-Milanese vernaculars. This paper looks at the extent to which Milan influenced the koiné in fifteenth-century Lombardy. I consider eight linguistic items, previously described as unique to the vernacular of Pavia, to verify their presence or absence in a corpus of religious writings from the fifteenth-century nun Elisabetta of Pavia and whether Milanese items can be identified. I consider aspects of phonology and morphology in Elisabetta’s letters and conclude that her language is best characterized as a pre-koiné. The article concludes by arguing for less emphasis on the role of Milan in histories of the vernacular in Lombardy. This finding has implications for the history of non-literary writing in northern Italy and the importance attributed to capital cities in processes of koineization.

Colonialism

Religion ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 104-115
Author(s):  
David Chidester
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Frantz Fanon ◽  
Military Force ◽  
History Of Religions ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control ◽  
Role Of Religion

This chapter situates religious formations in the contact zones and power relations of colonial situations. Referring to the settlement of a distant territory by foreigners, colonialism entails the use of military force and political power to create and maintain a situation in which colonizers gain economic benefits by exploiting trade, raw materials, and the labor of indigenous people. For the study of religion, colonialism calls attention to the role of religion in intercultural contact; the force of religion in the conquest and control of indigenous populations; and the changing character of religious subjectivity and agency, especially in relation to the inherent violence of colonialism. These issues are examined by referring to the analysis of anticolonial theorists, such as Mohandas K. Gandhi, Frantz Fanon, and Eduardo Mondlane. While colonialism has played an important role in the history of religions, it has also shaped the modern categories of religion and religions.

Population Studies and Genetics in Mexico during the Cold War

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Barahona
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
Human Genetics ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cold War

Although their history can be traced further back to the study of heredity, variability, and evolution at the beginnings of the 20th century, studies on the genetic structure and ancestry of human populations became important at the end of World War II. From 1950 onward, the tools and practices of human genetics were systematically used to attack global health problems with the support of international health organizations and the founding of local institutions that extended these practices, thus contributing to global knowledge. These developments were not an exception for Mexican physicians and human geneticists in the Cold War years. The first studies, which appeared in the 1940s, reflect the emerging model of human genetics in clinical practice and in scientific research in postwar Mexico. Studies on the distribution of blood groups as well as on variant forms of hemoglobin in indigenous populations paved the way for long-term research programs on the characterization of Mexican indigenous populations. Research groups were formed at the Ministry of Health, the National Commission of Nuclear Energy, and the Mexican Social Security Institute in the 1960s. The key actors in this narrative were Rubén Lisker, Alfonso León de Garay, and Salvador Armendares. They consolidated solid communities in the fields of population and human genetics. For Lisker, the long-term effort to carry out research on indigenous populations in order to provide insights into the biological history of the human species, disease patterns, and biological relationships among populations was of particular interest. Alfonso León de Garay was interested in studying human and Drosophila populations, but in a completely different context, namely at the intersection of studies on nuclear energy and its effects on human populations as a result of World War II, with the life sciences, particularly genetics and radiobiology. In parallel, the study of chromosomes on a large scale using newly experimental techniques introduced by Salvador Armendares in Mexico in 1960 allowed researchers to tackle child malnutrition and health problems caused by Down and Turner syndromes. The history of population studies and genetics during the Cold War in Mexico (1945–1970s) shows how the Mexican human geneticists of the mid-20th century mobilized scientific resources and laboratory practices in the context of international trends marked by WWII, and national priorities owing to the construction movement of postrevolutionary Mexican governments. These research programs were not limited to collaborations between research laboratories but were developed within the institutional and political framework marked at the international level by the postwar period and at the national level by the construction of the modern Mexican state.

Norwidowska etyka twórcy i jej odbicie w dyskusji nad paradygmatem romantyzmu. Dwie interpretacje / Cyprian Kamil Norwid’s Idea of the Moral Character of the Artist and its Impact on Debates About the Romantic Paradigm: Two Interpretations

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-177
Author(s):  
Barbara Stelmaszczyk
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Literary Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Two Phases

Summary This article joins the current debate about the challenges faced by contemporary literary theory by drawing attention to aporias that open up for historians of literature. A case in point is Cyprian Kamil Norwid’s idea of the role of the artist and the function of art and the misrepresented, distorted account of his views that dominate the history of the reception of his work. The article distinguishes two interpretations of the Romantic tradition which coincide with two phases in the reception of Romanticism. The first of them was given shape by the Young Poland movement in the late 19th and early 20th century (most notably by Stanisław Brzozowski), while the other (represented by Agata Bielik-Robson) is a product of our own time, ie. the early 21st century. They are discussed in turn. A critical reappraisal of Young Poland’s understanding of Romanticism is complemented by an examination of Brzozowski’s approach, which is distinctly his own. A hundred years later, Brzozowski is given a key role in Agata Bielik-Robson’s review of the Polish Romantic tradition, and yet her take on it is markedly different from his.

Biology of the endangered black-footed ferret and the role of captive propagation in its conservation

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Miller ◽  
Stanley H. Anderson ◽  
Michael W. DonCarlos ◽  
E. Tom Thorne
Keyword(s):  
Population Biology ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Reproductive Physiology ◽  
Prairie Dogs ◽  
Mustela Nigripes ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Captive Propagation

The black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes), one of the rarest mammals in the world, is apparently an obligate dependent on prairie dogs. Ferret numbers were probably reduced by habitat fragmentation. The last known wild colony, west of Meeteetse, Wyoming, was decimated by canine distemper in 1985. The few remaining ferrets exist in captivity. In this paper, we review aspects of the reproductive physiology and life history of the black-footed ferret with focus towards captive propagation and subsequent reintroduction of the species into natural habitat. We discuss the black-footed ferret in the context of small population biology and relate the value of captive propagation as a conservation tactic.

South Pacific

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Crowl
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Book History ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
The Novel ◽  
History Of The Novel ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of

This chapter examines book history in the anglophone South Pacific, focusing on how creative writing as well as reading developed from small localized efforts within systems of colonial management and then as part of international pressures to decolonize. The discussion begins with a look at the role of European missionaries in promoting literacy in the South Pacific, and how colonial administrators used missions in pacification and to provide education to Indigenous populations. The chapter then considers the publishing activities of colonial governments and how the history of the novel in the Pacific was shaped by regional and international organizations. It also describes publishing by nation states after independence and by groups and individuals despite numerous challenges.

scholarly journals Yaroslavl and Yaroslavl land in Latin-language sources of the 15th – 16th centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
Gennadiy N. Kocheshkov ◽  
Pyotr G. Agrafonov
Keyword(s):  
Main Tool ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Population Characteristic ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Latin Language ◽  
Administrative Division ◽  
History Of ◽  
Characteristic Features

The topic of this article is European Latin-language sources of the 15th – 16th centuries, having their subject distinctive features of Yaroslavl land as well as the events that took place here. During this period Latin played the role of the main tool for the exchange of international information and it was the written language of the scientific community. Therefore, most of the works of foreign travellers of the 15th – 16th centuries including the materials about the Russian state is written in the classical Latin. Some of these works are texts devoted to Yaroslavl land. Information provided in these works make up a significant complex on the history of Yaroslavl land describing various aspects of its life. Depending on the nature of literary activity, interests, goals and methods of receiving information European authors covered topics related to natural and geographical features of the land, they described the economy, trade and other occupation of the population, characteristic features of cities or everyday life of Yaroslavl residents. But most of all foreign authors are naturally interested in the following questions of the history of these territories, their state-political organisation, administrative division, management principles and the religious sphere. Due to the limited Russian sources of the history of Yaroslavl land of this time, the testimonies of foreign authors become particularly significant. The richness of information often makes them extremely valuable.

Hydrofictions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Boast
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Environmental Humanities ◽  
Literature And Politics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Palestinian Literature ◽  
Middle East Studies

Hydrofictions identifies water as a new topic of literary and cultural analysis at a critical moment for the world’s water resources, focusing on the urgent context of Israel/Palestine. It argues for the necessity of recognising water’s importance in understanding contemporary Israeli and Palestinian literature, covering topics including representations of the River Jordan; the history of Zionist and Israeli swamp drainage; the emergence of Israeli and Palestinian environmentalisms; the role of the Mediterranean in Israeli identity; and the hydropolitics of war and occupation. In doing so, it shows that water is as culturally significant as that much more obvious object of nationalist attention, the land. This book offers new insights into Israeli and Palestinian literature and politics, and into the role of culture in an age of environmental crisis. Hydrofictions shows that how we imagine water is inseparable from how we manage it. It is vital reading for students and scholars in Middle East Studies, postcolonial ecocriticism, the environmental humanities and anyone invested in the future of the world’s water.

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