ANÁLISE DA EVOLUÇÃO DO USO E OCUPAÇÃO DAS TERRAS NO ARRONDISSEMENT DE ARCAHAIE-HAITI (1987, 1997 E 2018)

Atualmente, utiliza-se os recursos da natureza de forma exploratória, sem a projeção dos impactos que essa atitude pode ocasionar, gerando problemas de caráter social e/ou ambiental, podendo apresentar seus efeitos rapidamente ou em grande escala de tempo. No Haiti, constata-se que a região possui incapacidade de enfrentar qualquer problema de caráter ambiental, essa situação está relacionada diretamente com as atividades antrópicas. Nesse sentido, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a evolução temporal do uso e ocupação da terra do Arrondissement de Arcahaie, localizada a Oeste do Haiti. O Arrondissement é uma divisão administrativa do território haitiano que é composta por vários municípios. O método utilizado foi uma fotointerpretação sobre o recorte das Imagens Landsat 5 e Landsat 8, referente a área de estudo. Para o mapeamento foi utilizada a classificação supervisionada. As classes de uso e ocupação definidas foram: pastagem, cobertura vegetal, solo exposto, área cultivada, área urbana, mata natural. Os resultados mais significativos mostram mudanças na dinâmica de uso e ocupação da terra no Arrondissement de Arcahaie, durante 31 anos e consequentemente, podendo causar danos, muitas vezes, irreversíveis ao meio ambiente e comprometer a qualidade de vida da população. EVOLUTION ANALYSIS OF THE LAND USE AND OCCUPATION IN ARRONDISSEMENT OF ARCAHAIE-HAITI (1987, 1997 AND 2018)A B S T R A C TCurrently, the nature resources are used in an exploratory way, without the projection of the impacts that this attitude can cause, generating social and / or environmental problems, can present their effects quickly or in a large scale of time. In Haiti, it appears that their inability to face any environmental problem is directly related to anthropic activities. In this sense, the present research had as main objective to analyze the temporal evolution of the use and occupation of the land of the Arrondissement of Arcahaie, located to the West of Haiti. The Arrondissement is an administrative division of Haitian territory that decomposes several municipalities. The method used was a photointerpretation on the clipping of the Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 images, referring to the study area. Supervised classification was used for the mapping. The classes of use and occupation defined were pasture, vegetation cover, exposed soil, cultivated area, urban area, natural forest. The most significant results show changes in the dynamics of use and occupation in the Arrondissement of Arcahaie during the last 31 years and, consequently, can cause damage, often irreversible to the environment and compromise the quality of life of the population.Key words: Environmental impacts, Natural resources, Arrondissement of Arcahaie

Tyva: A Peripheral Fate? (a historical and geographical sketch of the formation of the population of the Tyva Republic – from the Huns to its voluntary incorporation into the RSFSR in 1944)

The historical roots and geographical features of the population’ formation in the Tyva Republic during the period from the Hunnu domination to the voluntary incorporation of Tyva into the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR) in 1944 have been studied. The formation of the population occurred in conditions of peripherality of the considered object in relation to the state entities, which it was a part of or was under their influence in different periods of its development. The formation of the Tuvan ethnos was completed during the period when the Tyva tribes were part of Manchurian China in the late 18th-19th centuries. An important factor in this process was the establishment of an administrative division based not on clan but on a territorial principle. The economic and geographical position of the region, as one of the determinants of the socio-economic development of Tyva and the further formation of its population, was and still is unfavourable, which predetermines the search for foundations for the spatial development of the republic.

Dostępność transportowa wybranych ośrodków miejskich Pomorza Środkowego z uwzględnieniem zjawiska wykluczenia komunikacyjnego

W artykule podjęto tematykę dostępności komunikacyjnej ośrodków władzy powiatowej bądź im równoważnych z poziomu miejscowości będących siedzibami urzędu gminy. Obszarem badań było Pomorze Środkowe. Wskazano obszary o różnym stopniu rozwinięcia oferty przewozowej między branymi pod uwagę ośrodkami w kontekście zgodności rzeczywistych ciążeń komunikacyjnych z istniejącym podziałem administracyjnym na poziomie powiatowym, jak również w celu wskazania obszarów wykluczonych transportowo. Odniesiono się do roli miast w sieci osadniczej jako ośrodków oferujących konkretne dobra i usługi, do których lokalna społeczność udaje się celem nabycia, nie zamykając się jednocześnie w ramach istniejącego podziału administracyjnego. Na potrzeby opracowania skonstruowano wskaźniki powiązań komunikacyjnych oraz rangi miast. Rezultaty postępowania badawczego okazały się być zgodne ze sformułowaniami zawartymi w innych opracowaniach naukowych podejmujących tę tematykę, choć były one bardziej dokładne i aktualne. Zawarte w artykule wnioski, szczególnie dotyczące korekt w podziale terytorialnym w celu dopasowania jego granic do rzeczywistych powiązań, mogą pełnić rolę sugestii dla decydentów w zakresie kształtowania polityki transportowej w regionie oraz dla osób odpowiedzialnych za przestrzenny wymiar administracji państwowej. Transport accessibility of selected towns in the Middle Pomerania region including the phenomenon of the transport exclusion This article brings up the issue of the transport accessibility of the capital cities or their equivalents on the county level. The Middle Pomerania region was taken as a research area. Some of these regions were pointed as to show the different level of the transport offer. The aim was to present the context of compatibility between functional linkages and existing administrative division on the county level, but also to find areas excluded in public transport system. The role of the towns in the settlement system was referred to places that offer selected goods and services which local community needs and have to travel in order to acquire them, with no-closing within the framework of the existing administrative division. For the purposes of the article the indicators of communication linkages and town ranks were constructed. The results of the research procedure turned out to be compatible with the wordings contained in other scientific studies dealing with this topic, but they were taken more precisely and up-to-date. Conclusions contained in this paper, especially regarding corrections in the territorial division to adjust its borders to actual linkages, may be used as a suggestions for people responsible for moulding transport policy in the region and for spatial dimension of state administration.

Fine-Scale Population Estimation Based on Building Classifications: A Case Study in Wuhan

In the context of rapid urbanization, the refined management of cities is facing higher requirements. In improving urban population management levels and the scientific allocation of resources, fine-scale population data plays an increasingly important role. The current population estimation studies mainly focus on low spatial resolution, such as city-scale and county scale, without considering differences in population distributions within cities. This paper mines and defines the spatial correlations of multi-source data, including urban building data, point of interest (POI) data, census data, and administrative division data. With populations mainly distributed in residential buildings, a population estimation model at a subdistrict scale is established based on building classifications. Composed of spatial information and attribute information, POI data are spaced irregularly. Based on this characteristic, the text classification method, frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), is applied to obtain functional classifications of buildings. Then we screen out residential buildings, and quantify characteristic variables in subdistricts, including perimeter, area, and total number of floors in residential buildings. To assess the validity of the variables, the random forest method is selected for variable screening and correlation analysis, because this method has clear advantages when dealing with unbalanced data. Under the assumption of linearity, multiple regression analysis is conducted, to obtain a linear model of the number of buildings, their geometric characteristics, and the population in each administrative division. Experiments showed that the urban fine-scale population estimation model established in this study can estimate the population at a subdistrict scale with high accuracy. This method improves the precision and automation of urban population estimation. It allows the accurate estimation of the population at a subdistrict scale, thereby providing important data to support the overall planning of regional energy resource allocation, economic development, social governance, and environmental protection.

"This is a disastrous reform for us." A project on the administrative division of the state into voivodeships from 1931 and its reception among German diplomacy

Celem opracowania jest analiza projektu reformy podziału terytorialnego państwa na województwa z 1931 r. oraz jego ocen wśród niemieckich dyplomatów. Planowana reforma wywołała zainteresowanie i poważne obawy ze strony niemieckiego resortu spraw zagranicznych ze względu na skutki dla mniejszości niemieckiej. Jednym z założeń zmian było przesunięcie granic województw zachodnich na wschód, tj. na tereny etnicznie polskie, co miało prowadzić do obniżenia udziału Niemców wśród ludności nowych województw. Omówiłem podział na województwa przyjęty u progu II Rzeczpospolitej, który miał mieć charakter tymczasowy. Następnie przedstawiłem działalność komisji powoływanych przez poszczególne rządy, które pracowały nad nowym kształtem podziału terytorialnego państwa. Spośród nich najbardziej owocne były prace Komisji dla Usprawnienia Administracji Publicznej przy Prezesie Rady Ministrów. Omówiłem przedłożony przez komisję projekt reformy z 1931 r. oraz rozważania przedstawicieli nauki prawa, które dotyczyły związku między podziałem administracyjnym a polityką wobec mniejszości. Następnie przedstawiłem treść dokumentacji wytworzonej w niemieckim resorcie spraw zagranicznych w związku z projektem polskiej reformy, który był tam oceniany jako katastrofalny dla mniejszości niemieckiej w Polsce. W oparciu o dane statystyczne dokonano symulacji wskazujących na znaczący spadek niemczyzny w projektowanych województwach. W ramach podsumowania starano się odpowiedzieć na pytanie, dlaczego projekt reformy nie został uchwalony, choć był zgodny z polską racją stanu.

ANALYSIS OF LEADERSHIP STYLE BY USING THE MODEL OF HERSEY AND BLANCHARD

Introduction/Main Objectives: This research raises human resources management within the crediting bank, where employees require reliable and competent leadership. Leadership is categorized as the concept of empowering when the leader shares direction, a support system, friendly, synergizing, and providing exemplary examples to his subordinates.Background Problems: Through scientific ways, this study attempted to respond to the research questions, which are: 1) how is the maturity of employees in the Anugerah rural bank located in Purwosari, 2) what are the applications of leadership styles, duty behavior, and relationship behaviors at there, and 3) in which quadrant of leadership styles of the chief of operational, general, administrations, and marketing department? Novelty: The current study engaged four situational leadership in a model. Research Methods: The survey design administered the questionnaire, interviews, and observation to the target samples. The data, then analyzed using descriptive analysis and the range scale. Finding/Results: The operational and general divisions reflect their leadership styles in quadrant II representing a consultation or low task and relationship behavior. Besides, quadrant III, which implies a participating leadership style with high task and relationship behavior, has been practiced by the marketing department. The administrative division tends to use the leadership style from quadrant IV or delegating with high task behavior relationship. Conclusion: Leaders can select any leadership style, but they must remain aware of task and relationship behavior. This recent study has many limitations; hence, the future researcher can apply other leadership styles under different conditions.

Water Pollution and Administrative Division Adjustments: A Quasi-natural Experiment in Chaohu Lake of China

The adjustment of administrative divisions introduces a series of uncertain impacts on the social and economic development in the administrative region. Previous studies focused more on the economic effects of the adjustment of administrative divisions, while, in this paper, we also take environmental effects into consideration. The administrative division adjustment for Chaohu Lake is used as a quasi-natural experiment to explore the influence of the adjustment on pollution control. The synthetic control method is used in this study to access the effect of administrative division adjustment on the water quality indicators of Chaohu Lake and its internal mechanism. Some conclusions are as follows. First, after the administrative division adjustment, some water quality indicators, such as ammonia nitrogen, have indeed been alleviated; however, other major pollution indicators, such as chemical oxygen demand and dissolved oxygen, have deteriorated to varying degrees. Second, the results also reveal that improper development ideas, industrial excessive expansion, and the swing of economic growth and environmental goals are problems after the adjustment. Returning to the original intention of adjustment, rationalizing the Chaohu Lake management system and designing a sound and feasible accountability mechanism are fundamental measures to reduce pollution.