scholarly journals Indirect Protection by Reducing Transmission: Ending the Pandemic with SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron Richterman ◽  
Eric A Meyerowitz ◽  
Muge Cevik
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Protection

scholarly journals Rotational worker vaccination provides indirect protection to vulnerable groups in regions with low COVID-19 prevalence

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 3988-4003
Author(s):  
Maria M. Martignoni ◽  
◽  
Proton Rahman ◽  
Amy Hurford ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Disease Prevalence ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Average Risk ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Icu Admission ◽  
Indirect Protection

<abstract><p>As COVID-19 vaccines become available, different model-based approaches have been developed to evaluate strategic priorities for vaccine allocation to reduce severe illness. One strategy is to directly prioritize groups that are likely to experience medical complications due to COVID-19, such as older adults. A second strategy is to limit community spread by reducing importations, for example by vaccinating members of the mobile labour force, such as rotational workers. This second strategy may be appropriate for regions with low disease prevalence, where importations are a substantial fraction of all cases and reducing the importation rate reduces the risk of community outbreaks, which can provide significant indirect protection for vulnerable individuals. Current studies have focused on comparing vaccination strategies in the absence of importations, and have not considered allocating vaccines to reduce the importation rate. Here, we provide an analytical criteria to compare the reduction in the risk of hospitalization and intensive care unit (ICU) admission over four months when either older adults or rotational workers are prioritized for vaccination. Vaccinating rotational workers (assumed to be 6,000 individuals and about 1% of the Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) population) could reduce the average risk of hospitalization and ICU admission by 42%, if no community spread is observed at the time of vaccination, because epidemic spread is reduced and vulnerable individuals are indirectly protected. In contrast, vaccinating all individuals aged 75 and older (about 43,300 individuals, or 8% of the NL population) would lead to a 24% reduction in the average risk of hospitalization, and to a 45% reduction in the average risk of ICU admission, because a large number of individuals at high risk from COVID-19 are now vaccinated. Therefore, reducing the risk of hospitalization and ICU admission of the susceptible population by reducing case importations would require a significantly lower number of vaccines. Benefits of vaccinating rotational workers decrease with increasing infection prevalence in the community. Prioritizing members of the mobile labour force should be considered as an efficient strategy to indirectly protect vulnerable groups from COVID-19 exposure in regions with low disease prevalence.</p></abstract>

scholarly journals REFLEKSI PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP PEKERJA ANAK BERWAWASAN GENDER

EGALITA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Jannani ◽  
Uswatul Fikriyah
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Gender Analysis ◽  
Gender Perspective ◽  
Community Law ◽  
Many Instruments ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Indirect Protection

<p>This research discuss the problems of the legal protection of children workers in Indonesia are still not yet implemented properly even though it has many instruments of law that are pay attention on the rights of the children. From the results of this research shown that the protection of children had been integrated in national law contained in KUHPerdata, KUHPidana, and a number of laws. As an attempt to enforce legal protection for children workers there are at least five factors which should be strengthened, namely legal factors, law enforcement factor, means and facilities of law factor, Community law factor, and cultural law factor.</p><p>Form of legal protection of children workers in Indonesia with gender perspective in addition that have already exist many laws that are provide legal protection of childrenren workers there are other things that should be more emphasized because in fact the implementation of laws are still many weaknesses. To solve the problem of children workers there are three approaches that can be done: the deletion (abolition), protection (protection), and enablement (empowerment) with give attention to three basic basic prevention, i.e. the application of the principle of cooperation and effective nationwide. In this case there are five steps that become priorities: first, changing public perception against children workers, second, advocate gradually to eliminate children workers, third, instituted and carried out laws for the protection of children workers with gender analysis Fourth, seek legal protection and providing adequate services to children, and the fifth to ensure that  children workers acquire basic education 9 years. Of all the forms of protection against children workers with  gender analysis in General can be divided into direct and indirect protection.</p><p>Penelitian ini membahas mengenai permasalhaan perlindungan hukum terhadap pekerja anak di Indonesia yang sampai saat ini masih belum terimplementasi dengan baik meskipun telah banyak instrumen peraturan perundang- undangan yang memperhatikan tentang hak- hak anak. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat diketahui bahwa perlindungan terhadap anak sebenarnya telah terintegrasi dalam hukum nasional yang terkandung dalam KUHPerdata, KUHPidana, dan sejumlah peraturan perundang- undangan tentang perlindungan anak. Sebagai upaya untuk menegakkan perlindungan hukum bagi pekerja anak setidaknya ada lima faktor yang harus dikuatkan yaitu diantaranya faktor hukum, faktor penegak hukum, faktor sarana  dan fasilitas hukum, faktor masyarakat hukum, faktor budaya hukum.</p><p>Bentuk perlindungan hukum terhadap pekerja anak di Indonesia berwawasan gender selain sudah ada banyak peraturan perundang- undangan yang ada di Indonesia untuk memberikan perlindungan hukum terhadap anak yang bekerja ada hal- hal lain yang harus lebih ditekankan karena pada kenyataanya  pelaksanaan peraturan perundang- undangan masih banyak kekurangan. Untuk mengatasi masalah pekerja anak ini ada tiga pendekatan yang dapat dilakukan yaitu penghapusan (abolition), perlindungan (protection), dan pemberdayaan (empowerment) dengan memperhatikan tiga asas yaitu asas pencegahan, asas penerapan secara efektif dan asas kerjasama nasional. Dalam hal ini terdapat lima langkah yang mnejadi prioritas yaitu pertama, mengubah persepsi msyarakat terhadap pekerja anak, kedua, melakukan advokasi secara bertahap untuk mengeliminasi pekerja anak, ketiga, mengundangkan dan melaksanakan peraturan perundang- undangan bagi perlindungan pekerja anak yang berwawasan gender analisis, keempat, mengupayakan perlindungan hukum dan menyediakan pelayanan yang memadai bagi anak- anak, dan kelima memastikan agar anak- anak yang bekerja memperoleh pendidikan dasar 9 tahun. Dari semua bentuk perlindungan terhadap pekerja anak  berwawasan gender tersebut secara umum dapat dibagi menjadi perlindungan langsung dan tidak langsung.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><br /><p> </p>

scholarly journals Case study of COVID 19 from August to end of December 2020 in Babylon, Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Public Health Department ◽  
Infected People ◽  
The Public ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Previous Infection ◽  
Study Case ◽  
Indirect Protection

Objectives: The aim of study is to study Case study of COVID 19 in Babylon Province in Iraq. Method: In January 2021 we started searching for the official source for the numbers of people infected with COVID19 within the borders of Babylon Governorate, where the Babylon Health Department was reviewed, and after that we were directed with official authorization to the Public Health Department in Babylon Governorate / Department of Communicable Diseases / Respiratory Diseases Unit (weekly periodic visit). Where the official numbers were obtained for the number of infected people and the number of deaths that occur due to complication with this infection, as well as the number of recovery cases from the date of 01/08/2020 to 01/01/2021. Results: related to the number of infected cases we see decrease the no. of infected with corona virus in Babylon Governorate from beginning the study to become lest at the end of 2020 with the significant decrease (P < 0.05) (The highest infected cases were notices in first month (1/8 – 31/8) while the lowest cases were seen in last month (1/12 – 31/12)) that may be due to: The main cause may be the most people may have gained herd immunity or population immunity, is the indirect protection from an infectious disease that happens when a population is have immunity developed through previous infection, that may refer to the end of first wave of this pandemic which start from the June. Conclusion: Knowing the pathogenesis of the virus and risk factors, increasing the experience of doctors and working cadres, increasing clinical capacity, providing specialized treatments, increasing the number of ICU beds, in addition to increasing the number of respiratory ventilators and increasing the number of tests.

scholarly journals Legal Standing of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation for Indonesian Migrant Workers

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-102
Author(s):  
Mellisa Towadi ◽  
Agustinus Supriyanto
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Member States ◽  
Employment Policies ◽  
Dissemination Research ◽  
Legal Standing ◽  
Education Training ◽  
Indirect Protection ◽  
Strong Capacity

This manuscript aims to analyze the extent to which the role, the tendency, the influence of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) to protect Indonesian migrant workers in that member states. The analysis was carried out uses a juridical normative method, and resulted in that OIC to the protection of Indonesian migrant workers confirmed has a strong capacity to solve migrant workers' problems among its member states. In this case implementation of the employment policies issued by the OIC are a form of empowerment resources migrant workers through indirect protection (through education, training, dissemination, research, and development) that has prospects good enough for Indonesia to protect migrant workers although not significant.

scholarly journals High residual prevalence of vaccine-serotypeStreptococcus pneumoniaecarriage after introduction of a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Malawi: a prospective serial cross-sectional study

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd D. Swarthout ◽  
Claudio Fronterre ◽  
José Lourenço ◽  
Uri Obolski ◽  
Andrea Gori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rigorous Evaluation ◽  
Pneumococcal Carriage ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Induced Immunity ◽  
Indirect Protection ◽  
Carriage Prevalence

ABSTRACTBackgroundThere are concerns that pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) in sub-Saharan Africa sub-optimally interrupt vaccine-serotype (VT) carriage and transmission, thus limiting vaccine-induced direct and indirect protection. We assessed carriage in vaccinated children and unvaccinated populations targeted for indirect protection, between 4 and 7 years after Malawi’s November 2011 introduction of PCV13 using a 3+0 schedule.MethodsWe conducted sequential prospective nasopharyngeal carriage surveys between 2015 and 2018 among healthy PCV-vaccinated and PCV-unvaccinated children, and HIV-infected adults. VT and NVT carriage risk by age was analysed by non-linear regression.ResultsAmong PCV-vaccinated children, there was a 24% relative reduction in carriage, from a mean 21.1% to 16.1%; 45% reduction among older PCV-unvaccinated children, from 27.5% to 15.2%; 41.4% reduction among adults, from 15.2% to 8.9%. Using carriage data from children 3.6 to 10 years of age, VT carriage probability declined with age, with a similar prevalence half-life among PCV-vaccinated (3.34 years) and PCV-unvaccinated (3.26 years) children.ConclusionCompared to high-income settings, the 3+0 schedule in Malawi has led to a sub-optimal reduction in pneumococcal carriage prevalence. This is likely due to recolonisation of vaccinated children with waning vaccine-induced immunity, resulting in insufficient indirect protection of unvaccinated populations. Rigorous evaluation of strategies to augment vaccine-induced control of carriage, including alternative schedules and catch-up campaigns is required.

scholarly journals Changes in the groundwater quality of the main useful aquifer as a result of the hazard of nitrates from agricultural sources

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-53
Author(s):  
Sebastian Zabłocki
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Dominant Type ◽  
Type Of Land Use ◽  
Groundwater Hazard ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Indirect Protection

Abstract The article presents the results of research, conducted in central Poland, where agriculture is the dominant type of land use. This activity is considered as a common potential hazard to groundwater quality because of the use of nitrate fertilizers, especially for small groundwater intakes used for the purpose of rural water supply. For this kind of intake seven scenarios of groundwater quality hazard were elaborated based on the results of the hydrodynamic modelling research in this area including the following: calculation of volume and time of leakage through the aquitard formations to the main useful aquifer, verification of the indirect protection zone and definition of the size of the well capture zone. The scenarios considered the current groundwater quality hazard as well as changes in agricultural land use or changes in fertilizer doses needed to decrease groundwater hazard by nitrates in the intake.

scholarly journals Direct and Indirect Protection with Pediatric Quadrivalent Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccination in Europe Estimated by a Dynamic Transmission Model

10.36469/9801 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laetitia Gerlier ◽  
Judith Hackett ◽  
Richard Lawson ◽  
Sofia Dos Santos Mendes ◽  
Catherine Weil-Olivier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Transmission Model ◽  
Base Case ◽  
Reference Scenario ◽  
Natural Immunity ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Population Average ◽  
Indirect Protection

Objectives: To estimate the public health impact of annual vaccination of children with a quadrivalent live-attenuated influenza vaccine (QLAIV) across Europe. Methods: A deterministic, age-structured, dynamic model was used to simulate influenza transmission across 14 European countries, comparing current vaccination coverage using a quadrivalent inactivated vaccine (QIV) to a scenario whereby vaccination coverage was extended to 50% of 2–17 year-old children, using QLAIV. Differential equations described demographic changes, exposure to infectious individuals, recovery and immunity dynamics. For each country, the basic reproduction number (R0) was calibrated to published influenza incidence statistics. Assumed vaccine efficacy for children was 80% (QLAIV) and 59% (QIV). Symptomatic cases cumulated over 10 years were calculated per 100 000 person-years. One-way sensitivity analyses were conducted on QLAIV efficacy in 7–17 year-olds (59% instead of 80%), durations of natural (±3 years; base case: 6, 12 years for influenza A, B respectively) and QLAIV vaccine-induced immunity (100% immunity loss after 1 season; base case: 30%), and R0 (+/-10% around all-year average value). Results: Across countries, annual QLAIV vaccination additionally prevents 1366–3604 symptomatic cases per 100 000 population (average 2495 /100 000, ie, a reduction of 47.6% of the cases which occur in the reference scenario with QIV vaccination only). Among children (2–17 years), QLAIV prevents 551–1555 cases per 100 000 population (average 990 /100 000, ie, 67.2% of current cases). Among adults, QLAIV indirectly prevents 726-2047 cases per 100 000 population (average 1466 /100 000, ie, 40.0% of current cases). The most impactful drivers of total protection were duration of natural immunity against influenza A, R0 and QLAIV immunity duration and efficacy. In all evaluated scenarios, there was a large direct and even larger indirect protection compared with the reference scenario. Conclusions: The model highlights direct and indirect protection benefits when vaccinating healthy children with QLAIV in Europe, across a range of demographic structures, contact patterns and vaccination coverage rates.

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