scholarly journals Mumps Serum Antibody Levels Before and After an Outbreak to Assess Infection and Immunity in Vaccinated Students

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrid Gouma ◽  
Tessa M. Schurink-van't Klooster ◽  
Hester E. de Melker ◽  
Jeroen Kerkhof ◽  
Gaby P. Smits ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Mumps Virus ◽  
Immune Protection ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Retrospective Assessment ◽  
Luminex Technology ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Specific Igg

Abstract Background.  Since 2009, various mumps outbreaks have occurred in the Netherlands, affecting mostly young adults vaccinated against mumps. In this retrospective study, we estimated attack rates for symptomatic and asymptomatic mumps virus infection based on mumps-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G concentrations in paired blood samples obtained before and after the mumps outbreaks, collected in 2 university cities. We aimed to identify a serological correlate of immune protection and risk factors for mumps virus infection. Methods.  Mumps-specific IgG levels were measured by Luminex technology in paired pre- and post-outbreak samples from students from Leiden (n = 135) and Utrecht (n = 619). Persons with a 4-fold increase in mumps IgG concentrations or mumps IgG concentrations >1500 RU/mL were assumed to have had a mumps virus infection. Results.  Attack rates for symptomatic and asymptomatic mumps virus infection were 2.0% and 3.8%, respectively. Pre-outbreak mumps-specific IgG concentrations were lower among cases than among noncases (P = .005) despite vaccination history, but no serological cutoff for immune protection could be established. Mumps among housemates was significantly associated with serological evidence for mumps virus infection (odds ratio, 7.25 [95% confidence interval, 3.20–16.40]; P < .001). Conclusions.  Symptomatic and asymptomatic mumps virus infections in vaccinated persons can be identified by retrospective assessment of mumps-specific IgG antibodies in blood samples.

scholarly journals Development and Use of an Endpoint Titration Assay To Characterize Mumps IgG Avidity following Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Vaccination and Wild-Type Mumps Infection

mSphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Mercader ◽  
Marcia McGrew ◽  
Sun B. Sowers ◽  
Nobia J. Williams ◽  
William J. Bellini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mumps Virus ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Avidity Assay ◽  
Igg Avidity ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Avidity Maturation

ABSTRACTWaning mumps IgG antibody and incomplete IgG avidity maturation may increase susceptibility to mumps virus infection in some vaccinees. To measure mumps IgG avidity, serum specimens serially diluted to the endpoint were incubated on a commercial mumps-specific IgG enzyme immunoassay and treated with the protein denaturant diethylamine (60 mM, pH 10). End titer avidity indices (etAIs [percent ratio of detected diethylamine-resistant IgG at endpoint]) were calculated. Unpaired serum specimens (n= 108) from 15-month-old children living in a low-incidence setting were collected 1 month and 2 years after the first measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine dose (MMR1) and tested for mumps avidity. Per the receiver operating characteristic curve, the avidity assay is accurate (area under the curve, 0.994; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.956 to 1.000), 96.5% sensitive (95% CI, 87.9 to 99.6%), and 92.2% specific (95% CI, 81.1 to 97.8%) at an etAI of 30%. When 9 sets of paired serum specimens collected 1 to 60 months post-MMR1 were tested for mumps and measles IgG avidity using comparable methods, the mumps etAI increased from 11% to 40 to 60% in 6 months. From 6 to 60 months, avidity was sustained at a mean etAI of 50% (95% CI, 46 to 54%), significantly lower (P  < 0.0001) than the mean measles etAI of 80% (95% CI, 74 to 86%). Mean etAIs in children 2 years post-MMR1 (n= 51), unvaccinated adults with distant mumps disease (n= 29), and confirmed mumps cases (n= 23) were 54, 62, and 57%, respectively. A mumps-specific endpoint avidity assay was developed and validated, and mumps avidity was determined to be generally sustained at etAIs of 40 to 60%, reaching etAIs of >80% in some individuals.IMPORTANCENumerous outbreaks of mumps have occurred in the United States among two-dose measles-mumps-rubella (MMR)-vaccinated populations since 2006. The avidity of mumps-specific IgG antibodies may affect susceptibility to mumps virus infection in some vaccinated individuals. To accurately measure mumps avidity, we developed and validated a mumps-specific IgG avidity assay that determines avidity at the endpoint titer of serially diluted serum specimens, providing results that are independent of IgG concentration. At low antibody titers, endpoint methods are considered more accurate than methods that determine avidity at a single dilution. We determined that 6 months after the first MMR dose, mumps IgG avidity is high and generally sustained at avidity indices of 40 to 60%, reaching values of >80% in some individuals. Additionally, 4% (4/103) of individuals had avidity indices of ≤30% (low avidity) 2 years after vaccination. Inadequate mumps avidity maturation may be one factor influencing susceptibility to mumps virus infection among previously vaccinated or naturally infected individuals.

Lipolytic responses to catecholamines in ractopamine-treated pigs

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 875 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Leury ◽  
F. R. Dunshea ◽  
R. H. King
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Maximal Response ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Β Adrenergic Receptors ◽  
Β2 Agonist

The β-agonist ractopamine (RAC) promotes protein deposition with little effect on fat deposition in the pig. To assess whether the lack of effect on fat deposition was due to changes in response to catecholamines, crossbred pigs with venous catheters were used to examine plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations before and after intravenous (i.v.) injections of the (β1+β2)-agonist isoproterenol and the β2-agonist fenoterol during dietary RAC (0 or 20 mg/kg) treatment. In Expt 1, gilts received increasing i.v. doses of fenoterol [3, 9, 27, 81, and 243 µg/kg bodyweight (BW)] on Day 34 and blood samples were taken for metabolite analyses. The protocol was repeated on Day 36 but this time using increasing doses of isoproterenol (0·11, 0·33, 1, 3, and 9 µg/kg BW). Dietary RAC decreased basal NEFA concentrations but had no effect on plasma glucose concentrations. When the individual NEFA responses to fenoterol curves were fitted, the derived values for maximal response (Rmax) suggested that there was no difference between pigs fed 0 or 20 mg/kg RAC (1739 v. 1847 µmol/L, P = 0 ·829). However, there was an almost 10-fold increase in the dose of fenoterol required to elicit a NEFA response 50% of Rmax (ED50) in RAC-fed pigs (11·6 v. 107·0 µg/kg, P = 0·008). Intravenous fenoterol challenge increased plasma glucose linearly but this response was not altered by dietary RAC. In Expt 2, gilts received increasing i.v. doses of fenoterol (16, 80, and 400 µg/kg BW) on Day 10 and blood samples were taken for metabolite analyses. The protocol was repeated on Day 11 but this time using increasing doses of isoproterenol (6·25, 32·5, and 162·5 mg/kg BW). The derived values for Rmax suggested that there was no effect of injected β-agonist (2209 v. 2405 µmol/L for fenoterol and isoproterenol, respectively, P = 0·204) or dietary RAC (2251 v. 2363 µmol/L for 0 or 20 mg/kg RAC, respectively, P = 0·448) on Rmax. However, the ED50 was significantly lower for isoproterenol than for fenoterol (14·1 v. 31·3mg/kg, P = 0·001) and was increased by dietary RAC (18·6 v 26·9 µg/kg, P = 0·05). In conclusion, these data support the hypothesis that the lack of effect of dietary RAC on the rate of lipid deposition in the pig is due to a desensitisation of adipose tissue β-adrenergic receptors with no change in adipose tissue responsiveness.

Dietary Changes in Fasting Levels of Factor VII Coagulant Activity (FVII: C) Are Accompanied by Changes in Factor VII Protein and other Vitamin K-dependent Proteins

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (02) ◽  
pp. 239-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
E M Bladbjerg ◽  
T Tholstrup ◽  
P Marckmann ◽  
B Sandström ◽  
J Jespersen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Protein C ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Dietary Regimen ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Dietary Changes ◽  
Coagulant Activity ◽  
Before And After

SummaryThe mechanisms behind dietary effects on fasting coagulant activity of factor VII (FVII: C) are not clarified. In the present study of 15 young volunteers, two experimental diets differing in composition of saturated fatty acids (C18:0 [diet S] or C12:0 + C14:0 [diet ML]) were served for 3 weeks each. Fasting blood samples were collected before and after the dietary regimen and analysed for triglycerides, FVII:C, and protein concentrations of FVII, FII, FX, protein C, CRP, albumin, fibrinogen, and F1+2. FVII:C was significantly reduced on diet S compared with diet ML. This was accompanied by a decrease in FVII protein, F1+2 and the vitamin K-dependent proteins FII, FX, and protein C. In contrast, no changes were observed in triglycerides, FVII:C/FVII: Ag, albumin and CRP. Fibrinogen was increased on diet S compared with diet ML. Our findings suggest that the change in fasting FVII:C was part of a general change in concentrations of vitamin K-dependent proteins.

ADRENAL 17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROID SECRETION IN THE DOG IN RESPONSE TO ETHANOL

1972 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 736-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Suzuki ◽  
R. Higashi ◽  
T. Hirose ◽  
H. Ikeda ◽  
K. Tamura
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Secretion Rate ◽  
Conscious Dogs ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Before And After

ABSTRACT Conscious dogs were infused intravenously with ethanol in doses of 0.7 and 1.0 g/kg. The adrenal venous blood samples were collected before and after the infusion of ethanol and analysed for 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS). After the infusion of 0.7 g/kg (subanaesthetic dose) of ethanol the adrenal 17-OHCS secretion rate showed either a slight increase or no change. After the infusion of 1.0 g/kg (anaesthetic dose) of ethanol the adrenal 17-OHCS secretion rate increased markedly and reached 1.21±0.15 (mean±sem) μg/kg/min, while it was 0.09±0.023 μg/kg/min before the infusion.

Antibody response of carp, Cyprinus carpio to the cestode, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi

Parasitology ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 635-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. NIE ◽  
D. HOOLE
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Immune Protection ◽  
Carp Cyprinus Carpio ◽  
Bothriocephalus Acheilognathi ◽  
Protection Against Infection ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Antibody Secreting Cells

The humoral antibody response and the number of pronephric antibody-secreting cells were examined in naturally Bothriocephalus acheilognathi-infected carp. Cyprinus carpio, and in those injected intraperitoneally with an extract of the cestode. In the extract-injected fish, specific antibody was detected 3 weeks after a second injection given 2 weeks after the primary injection, and antibody levels persisted for more than 200 days. A third injection also enhanced the antibody level in the extract-injected carp. The numbers of antibody-secreting cells were significantly higher in carp injected 3 times with the extract than in the control. In naturally-infected fish, the serum antibody levels and the number of pronephric antibody-secreting cells were higher in infected fish than in uninfected individuals although this difference was not statistically significant. The relevance of these results to immune protection against infection is discussed.

Effect of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection on immune enzyme activity and ultrastructure in the haemolymph tissue of Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda, Astacidea)

Crustaceana ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 669-684
Author(s):  
J. J. Ning ◽  
M. M. Zhang ◽  
Q. Q. Tong ◽  
X. Cao ◽  
D. L. Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
White Spot Syndrome Virus ◽  
White Spot ◽  
Immune Protection ◽  
Cell Nuclei ◽  
Cherax Quadricarinatus ◽  
Deformation And Fracture ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Protection Rate ◽  
White Spot Syndrome

To explore the pathogenic mechanism of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus), we analysed activities of the three immune-related enzymes PO, SOD and LSZ in haemolymph tissue ofC. quadricarinatusbefore and after infection, and simultaneously studied the ultrastructural pathology. The results show that WSSV infection affects activities of the three enzymes. After 6-24 h of WSSV infection, the activities of PO, SOD and LSZ increased, but decreased significantly during longer infection times. The enzyme activities in WSSV-infected crayfish were significantly lower than those in controls at 72 h, except for LSZ (). Interestingly, the activities of PO, SOD and LSZ in the group treated with immune-polysaccharides before challenge with WSSV were higher than in the directly infected group, and the immune protection rate reached 51.9%, suggesting that the polysaccharides could improve enzyme activities and enhance antiviral defences of the organism. Ultrastructural pathological changes showed damaged haemolymph tissue, deformed golgiosomes, fuzzy damage in the mitochondrial structures, and nuclear membrane deformation and fracture. High levels of heterochromatin appeared in the nucleus; organoid and chromatin dissolved in dying blood cells, cytoplasm appeared oedematous and cells dissolved. WSSV particles were visible in blood cell nuclei of infected crayfish.

INFLUENCE OF PHOTOPERIOD ON THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE-INDUCED PROLACTIN RELEASE IN EWES

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. HOWLAND ◽  
D. SONYA ◽  
L. M. SANFORD ◽  
W. M. PALMER
Keyword(s):  
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Constant Light ◽  
Serum Prolactin ◽  
Prolactin Release ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Release Curve ◽  
Short Days

The influence of photoperiod on serum prolactin levels and prolactin release induced by thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) was determined in ewes maintained under the following lighting regimes: Room 1, lighting mimicked natural changes in photoperiod; Room 2, annual photoperiod changes condensed into 6 mo with short days in June; Room 3, same as Room 2 except photoperiod changed abruptly from 16.5 to 8.0 h on 21 Mar. and back to 16.5 h on 21 June; Room 4, constant light. Weekly blood samples were obtained from February to August. Additionally, blood samples were collected before and after treatment with 10 μg TRH on 19 May, 13 June, 27 June and 19 July. Prolactin levels were elevated in ewes exposed to long days or constant light. The mean of all pre-TRH samples was significantly correlated with stress-induced elevations in prolactin (highest pre-TRH value) (r = 0.72) and area under the TRH-induced release curve (r = 0.56). The prolactin release in response to TRH was greatest in ewes exposed to long days or constant light. Abrupt increase of day length elevated pretreatment prolactin levels (P < 0.01) and increased area under the response curve (P < 0.05). Key words: Photoperiod, TRH, prolactin, ewes

scholarly journals Kinetic Analysis of Mouse Brain Proteome Alterations Following Chikungunya Virus Infection before and after Appearance of Clinical Symptoms

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. e91397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Fraisier ◽  
Penelope Koraka ◽  
Maya Belghazi ◽  
Mahfoud Bakli ◽  
Samuel Granjeaud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Kinetic Analysis ◽  
Mouse Brain ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Brain Proteome
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