875. Sex Differences in Academic Achievement and Faculty Rank in Academic Infectious Diseases

Abstract Background Sex differences in faculty achievement in academic medicine have been described, but little is known about these differences in infectious diseases (ID). This study assesses differences in faculty rank between female and male infectious disease faculty with academic appointments at US medical schools. Methods We analyzed a complete database of US physicians with medical school faculty appointments in 2014. This database consists of a linkage between the American Association of Medical Colleges faculty roster and a comprehensive physician database from Doximity, a professional networking website for doctors and includes physician age, sex, years since residency completion, publications, National Institutes of Health grants, and registered clinical trials for all academic physicians by specialty. We estimated sex differences in key metrics of academic achievement, including publications and faculty rank, among faculty physicians within ID. Multivariable regression models with medical school-specific fixed effects were used to assess sex differences in full professorship by specialty and the relationship between these factors and achieving the rank of full professor within ID. Results Among 2,016 academic ID physicians [Female: 742 (37%)], women accounted for 48.1% of assistant professors, 39.7% of associate professors, and 19.2% of full professors, when compared with men at each level. Women faculty members were younger than men (mean: 48.4 years vs. 54.0 years, P < 0.001) and had fewer total (mean: 24.1 vs. 37.8, P < 0.001) and first/last author publications (mean: 16.7 vs. 32.2, P < 0.001). In adjusted models, the rate of full professorship (vs. assistant or associate) among female compared with male infectious disease physicians was large and highly significant (absolute adjusted difference = −8.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −11.9% to −4.1%). This adjusted difference was greater in ID than in cardiology (−4.7%, 95% CI: −7.9% to −1.3%), hematology (−1.5%, 95% CI: −6.2% to 3.2%), or endocrinology (−0.2%, 95% CI: −4.9% to 4.6%). Conclusion Significant sex differences in publications and achieving the rank of full professor exist in academic ID, after adjustment for multiple factors known to influence these outcomes. Greater efforts should be made to address equity in academic ID. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Download Full-text

Sex Differences in Achievement and Faculty Rank in Academic Infectious Diseases

Clinical Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/cid/ciz200 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (2) ◽

pp. 290-296 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jennifer Manne-Goehler ◽

Neena Kapoor ◽

Daniel M Blumenthal ◽

Wendy Stead

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Medical School ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Full Professor ◽

Faculty Rank ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Full Professorship ◽

School Faculty ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background This study assesses differences in faculty rank between female and male infectious diseases (ID) faculty with academic appointments at US medical schools. Methods We analyzed a complete database of US physicians with medical school faculty appointments in 2014. This database consists of a linkage between the American Association of Medical Colleges faculty roster and a physician database from Doximity, and includes physician age, sex, years since residency completion, publications, National Institutes of Health grants, and registered clinical trials for all academic physicians by specialty. We used multivariable logistic regression models with medical school–specific fixed effects to assess sex differences in full professorship by specialty and the relationship between these factors and achieving the rank of full professor within ID. We compared this adjusted difference in ID to that of peer subspecialties. Results Among a total of 2016 academic ID physicians, there were 742 (37%) women who together accounted for 48.1% of assistant professors, 39.7% of associate professors, and 19.2% of full professors. Women faculty had fewer total (16.3 vs 28.3, P < .001) and first/last author publications (9.8 vs 20.4, P < .001). In adjusted models, the rate of full professorship (vs assistant or associate) among female compared to male ID physicians was large and significant (absolute adjusted difference, –8.0% [95% confidence interval, –11.9% to –4.1%]). This difference was greater in ID than in cardiology. Conclusions Significant sex differences in achieving the rank of full professor exist in academic ID, after adjustment for multiple factors known to influence these outcomes. Greater efforts should be made to address equity in academic ID.

Download Full-text

Concerning trends in allopathic medical school faculty rank for Indigenous people: 2014–2016

Medical Education Online ◽

10.1080/10872981.2018.1508267 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 1508267

Author(s):

Erik Brodt ◽

Amanda Bruegl ◽

Erin K. Thayer ◽

M. Patrice Eiff ◽

Kelly Gonzales ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Medical School ◽

Indigenous People ◽

Medical School Faculty ◽

Faculty Rank ◽

School Faculty

Download Full-text

HLA and Infectious Diseases

Clinical Microbiology Reviews ◽

10.1128/cmr.00048-08 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 370-385 ◽

Cited By ~ 170

Author(s):

Jenefer M. Blackwell ◽

Sarra E. Jamieson ◽

David Burgner

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Human Leukocyte Antigen ◽

Molecular Basis ◽

Selective Pressure ◽

Human Leukocyte ◽

Acquired Immunity ◽

Leukocyte Antigen ◽

Extreme Variability ◽

Classical Human Leukocyte Antigen

SUMMARY Following their discovery in the early 1970s, classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci have been the prototypical candidates for genetic susceptibility to infectious disease. Indeed, the original hypothesis for the extreme variability observed at HLA loci (H-2 in mice) was the major selective pressure from infectious diseases. Now that both the human genome and the molecular basis of innate and acquired immunity are understood in greater detail, do the classical HLA loci still stand out as major genes that determine susceptibility to infectious disease? This review looks afresh at the evidence supporting a role for classical HLA loci in susceptibility to infectious disease, examines the limitations of data reported to date, and discusses current advances in methodology and technology that will potentially lead to greater understanding of their role in infectious diseases in the future.

Download Full-text

Drivers of Infectious Disease Seasonality: Potential Implications for COVID-19

Journal of Biological Rhythms ◽

10.1177/0748730420987322 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 074873042098732

Author(s):

N. Kronfeld-Schor ◽

T. J. Stevenson ◽

S. Nickbakhsh ◽

E. S. Schernhammer ◽

X. C. Dopico ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Multidisciplinary Approach ◽

Preliminary Assessment ◽

Epidemiological Evidence ◽

Wide Range ◽

Human Coronaviruses ◽

Induced Changes ◽

And Behavior ◽

Timing Phase

Not 1 year has passed since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since its emergence, great uncertainty has surrounded the potential for COVID-19 to establish as a seasonally recurrent disease. Many infectious diseases, including endemic human coronaviruses, vary across the year. They show a wide range of seasonal waveforms, timing (phase), and amplitudes, which differ depending on the geographical region. Drivers of such patterns are predominantly studied from an epidemiological perspective with a focus on weather and behavior, but complementary insights emerge from physiological studies of seasonality in animals, including humans. Thus, we take a multidisciplinary approach to integrate knowledge from usually distinct fields. First, we review epidemiological evidence of environmental and behavioral drivers of infectious disease seasonality. Subsequently, we take a chronobiological perspective and discuss within-host changes that may affect susceptibility, morbidity, and mortality from infectious diseases. Based on photoperiodic, circannual, and comparative human data, we not only identify promising future avenues but also highlight the need for further studies in animal models. Our preliminary assessment is that host immune seasonality warrants evaluation alongside weather and human behavior as factors that may contribute to COVID-19 seasonality, and that the relative importance of these drivers requires further investigation. A major challenge to predicting seasonality of infectious diseases are rapid, human-induced changes in the hitherto predictable seasonality of our planet, whose influence we review in a final outlook section. We conclude that a proactive multidisciplinary approach is warranted to predict, mitigate, and prevent seasonal infectious diseases in our complex, changing human-earth system.

Download Full-text

Women’s Attrition from Male-Dominated Workplaces in Norway: The Importance of Numerical Minority Status, Motherhood and Class

Work Employment and Society ◽

10.1177/09500170211004247 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095001702110042

Author(s):

Aleksander Å Madsen ◽

Idunn Brekke ◽

Silje Bringsrud Fekjær

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Minority Status ◽

Occupational Class ◽

Attrition Rates ◽

Administrative Records ◽

Fixed Effects Models ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Male Dominated ◽

Working Class Women

This study explores women’s attrition from male-dominated workplaces based on Norwegian public administrative records, covering individuals born 1945–1983, in the period between 2003 and 2013. It examines sex differences in rates of attrition and tests the significance of two commonly proposed explanations in the literature, namely the degree of numerical minority status and motherhood. It also investigates whether these explanations vary by occupational class. Selection into male-dominated workplaces is accounted for by using individual fixed effects models. The results show that attrition rates from male-dominated workplaces are considerably higher among women than among men. Moreover, the risk of female attrition to sex-balanced workplaces increases, regardless of occupational class, with increases in the percentage of males. Childbirth is associated with an increased risk of attrition to female-dominated workplaces, while having young children (⩽ 10 years old) lowered the risk. This association, however, was primarily evident among working-class women in manual occupations.

Download Full-text

Application of 3D bioprinting in the prevention and the therapy for human diseases

Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy ◽

10.1038/s41392-021-00566-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hee-Gyeong Yi ◽

Hyeonji Kim ◽

Junyoung Kwon ◽

Yeong-Jin Choi ◽

Jinah Jang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Rapid Development ◽

In Vitro Models ◽

Delivery Systems ◽

Advanced Technology ◽

3D Bioprinting ◽

Disease Research ◽

Infectious Disease Research

AbstractRapid development of vaccines and therapeutics is necessary to tackle the emergence of new pathogens and infectious diseases. To speed up the drug discovery process, the conventional development pipeline can be retooled by introducing advanced in vitro models as alternatives to conventional infectious disease models and by employing advanced technology for the production of medicine and cell/drug delivery systems. In this regard, layer-by-layer construction with a 3D bioprinting system or other technologies provides a beneficial method for developing highly biomimetic and reliable in vitro models for infectious disease research. In addition, the high flexibility and versatility of 3D bioprinting offer advantages in the effective production of vaccines, therapeutics, and relevant delivery systems. Herein, we discuss the potential of 3D bioprinting technologies for the control of infectious diseases. We also suggest that 3D bioprinting in infectious disease research and drug development could be a significant platform technology for the rapid and automated production of tissue/organ models and medicines in the near future.

Download Full-text

587. Equity in academic advancement: findings from an IDSA-sponsored survey of infectious disease physicians

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.781 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S357-S357

Author(s):

Jennifer Manne-Goehler ◽

Douglas Krakower ◽

Jasmine R Marcelin ◽

Carlos Del Rio ◽

Wendy Stead

Keyword(s):

Poisson Regression ◽

Women In Leadership ◽

Full Professor ◽

Academic Advancement ◽

Full Professorship ◽

Research Survey ◽

Time Work ◽

Academic Faculty ◽

Part Time ◽

Part Time Work

Abstract Background Recent evidence has shown substantial disparities in the rate of advancement to full professorship among women as compared to men faculty in academic infectious diseases (ID). We sought to identify barriers to academic advancement overall and by gender among faculty physicians in this field. Methods We conducted a web-based survey of academic faculty in ID. The survey was made available to the IDWeek2019 attendees and digitally via email and social media to the IDSA membership at large from 9/18/19 – 11/8/2019. The survey assessed demographic characteristics and barriers to faculty advancement and achievement, building on prior research. Survey themes included faculty promotion track, part-time work history and a suite of questions about workplace atmosphere and policies related to career advancement. Multivariable Poisson regression models were used to evaluate the association between these factors and full professorship. Results Of 1,036 respondents, 790 were retained in the final dataset [Men: 322 (40.7%), Women: 458 (58.0%), Other: 10 (1.3%)]. 352 respondents were Instructors or Assistant Professors (38.5%), 198 were Associate Professors (25.1%) and 240 were Full Professors (30.4%). Fewer women reported that their promotion process was transparent (57.4% v. 67.6%, p=0.004) and more women Full Professors felt they had been “sponsored” compared to men at their same rank (73.3% v. 53.6%, p=0.002). In regression analyses (Table 1), gender, publications and clinical trial leadership were significantly associated with full professor rank and promotion transparency and NIH grants emerged as possible correlates of this outcome. Salary support, part-time work, women in leadership, faculty promotion track and sponsorship were not associated with this outcome. Table 1. Results of Poisson regression analysis Conclusion Sponsorship and transparency of promotion criteria differed by gender and emerged as potentially important factors associated with full professorship in academic ID. Future policies to promote equity in advancement should address these issues. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Download Full-text