Transmission of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Among Children Under 5 Years in Households of Rural Communities, the Philippines

Abstract Background To develop a more effective vaccination strategy for reducing the impact of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, especially in young infants (<6 months old), it is necessary to understand the transmission dynamics of RSV. Methods We conducted a community-based prospective cohort study from 2014 to 2016 in Biliran Province, the Philippines, on children <5 years old. We collected nasopharyngeal swabs from symptomatic children with acute respiratory infection (ARI) during household visits and at health facilities. In households (n = 181) with RSV-positive ARI cases (RSV-ARI), we also identified ARI episodes among other children <5 years old in the same household. In addition, we determined the serial interval to estimate the basic reproduction number (R0), the average number of secondary cases generated by a single primary case. Results In the 181 households analyzed, we found 212 RSV-ARI in 152 households with a single case and 29 households with multiple cases, which included 29 1st RSV-ARI and 31 2nd RSV-ARI. We also found possible index cases among children <5 years old in the same household for 29.0% (18 of 62) of young infants with RSV-ARI. The estimated mean serial interval was 3.2 days, and R0 was estimated to be 0.92–1.33 for RSV-A and 1.04–1.76 for RSV-B, which varied between different times (2014 and 2015) and places. Conclusions Young infants are likely to acquire RSV infection from older children in the same household. Therefore, vaccination targeting older children might protect infants from RSV infection.

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Respiratory syncytial virus in severe lower respiratory infections in previously healthy young Ethiopian infants

BMC Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s12887-021-02675-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Abate Yeshidinber Weldetsadik ◽

Frank Riedel

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Rainy Season ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Clinical Parameter ◽

Imaging Data ◽

Chi Square ◽

Young Infants ◽

Rsv Infection ◽

Syncytial Virus

Abstract Background Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the commonest cause of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) in infants. However, the burden of RSV is unknown in Ethiopia. We aimed to determine the prevalence, seasonality and predictors of RSV infection in young infants with ALRI for the first time in Ethiopia. Methods We performed RSV immuno-chromatographic assay from nasopharyngeal swabs of infants, 29 days to 6 months of age. We included the first 10 eligible infants in each month from June 2018 to May 2019 admitted in a tertiary pediatric center. Clinical, laboratory and imaging data were also collected, and chi-square test and regression were used to assess associated factors with RSV infection. Results Among a total of 117 study children, 65% were male and mean age was 3 months. Bronchiolitis was the commonest diagnosis (49%). RSV was isolated from 26 subjects (22.2%) of all ALRI, 37% of bronchiolitis and 11% of pneumonia patients. Although RSV infection occurred year round, highest rate extended from June to November. No clinical or laboratory parameter predicted RSV infection and only rainy season (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 10.46 [95%. C.I. 1.95, 56.18]) was independent predictor of RSV infection. Conclusions RSV was isolated in a fifth of young infants with severe ALRI, mostly in the rainy season. Diagnosis of RSV infection in our setting require specific tests as no clinical parameter predicted RSV infection. Since RSV caused less than a quarter of ALRI in our setting, the other causes should be looked for in future studies.

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Progress in Defining the Role of RSV in Allergy and Asthma: From Clinical Observations to Animal Models

Clinical and Developmental Immunology ◽

10.1080/10446670410001722131 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 113-119 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

W. V. Kalina ◽

L. J. Gershwin

Keyword(s):

Animal Models ◽

Rna Virus ◽

Allergic Sensitization ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Young Infants ◽

Wide Range ◽

Similar Disease ◽

Rsv Infection ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

The Impact

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), an RNA virus in the family Paramyxoviridae, causes respiratory disease in humans. A closely related bovine RSV is responsible for a remarkably similar disease syndrome in young cattle. Severe RSV disease is characterized by bronchiolitis. The impact of RSV on human health is demonstrated annually when infants are admitted to the hospital in large numbers. Nearly every child will have been infected with RSV by the age of 3 years. While the disease is most severe in young infants and elderly people, it can re-infect adults causing mild upper respiratory tract disease throughout life. In addition, there is growing evidence that RSV infection may also predispose some children to the development of asthma. This is based on the observation that children who wheeze with RSV-induced bronchiolitis are more likely to develop into allergic asthmatics. Recent studies describe attempts to create an RSV induced asthma model in mice and other species; these have shown some degree of success. Such reports of case studies and animal models have suggested a wide range of factors possibly contributing to RSV induced asthma, these include timing of RSV infection with respect to allergen exposure, prior allergic sensitization, environmental conditions, exposure to endotoxin, and the genetic background of the person or animal. Herein, we primarily focus on the influence of RSV infection and inhalation of extraneous substances (such as allergens or endotoxin) on development of allergic asthma.

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Disability-adjusted Life Years for respiratory syncytial virus in children under 2 years

10.21203/rs.3.rs-20260/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

jefferson buendia ◽

Fernando Polack ◽

Juana Patricia Sanchez Villamil

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Statistical Parameter ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Years Of Life Lost ◽

Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽

Disability Adjusted Life ◽

Life Years ◽

Rsv Infection ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

The Impact

Abstract BACKGROUND: Respiratory syncytial virus infection is the leading cause of bronchiolitis in Colombia. There is growing evidence about the impact of Respiratory syncytial virus on society in terms of years of life lost due to this condition. The objective of the present study is to determine the Disability-Adjusted Life Years for respiratory syncytial virus in children under 2 years in ColombiaMETHODS: Data from the national epidemiological surveillance system were used to estimate DALYs, calculated from the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability due to RSV infection in Colombia. A bootstrapped method with 10000 iterations was used to estimate each statistical parameter using the package DALY calculator in R. RESULTS: In 2019, 260 873 years of life (CI95% 208 180- 347 023) were lost due to RSV bronchiolitis in Colombian children under 2 years. The estimated rate was 20 DALYs / 1000 person-year (95% CI 16 – 27).CONCLUSION: This is the first report estimating the impact of RSV bronchiolitis morbidity and mortality in Colombia. The findings of the present study suggest that the actual burden and cost of bronchiolitis due to RSV is high. Prevention strategies, such as RSV vaccination, to reduce morbidity associated with RSV infection should be encouraged in our country.

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Modelling the household-level impact of a maternal respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine in a high-income setting

BMC Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12916-020-01783-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Patricia T. Campbell ◽

Nicholas Geard ◽

Alexandra B. Hogan

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Vaccine Trial ◽

Population Level ◽

High Income ◽

Demographic Model ◽

Model Framework ◽

Substantial Impact ◽

Rsv Infection ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects almost all children by the age of 2 years, with the risk of hospitalisation highest in the first 6 months of life. Development and licensure of a vaccine to prevent severe RSV illness in infants is a public health priority. A recent phase 3 clinical trial estimated the efficacy of maternal vaccination at 39% over the first 90 days of life. Households play a key role in RSV transmission; however, few estimates of population-level RSV vaccine impact account for household structure. Methods We simulated RSV transmission within a stochastic, individual-based model framework, using an existing demographic model, structured by age and household and parameterised with Australian data, as an exemplar of a high-income country. We modelled vaccination by immunising pregnant women and explicitly linked the immune status of each mother-infant pair. We quantified the impact on children for a range of vaccine properties and uptake levels. Results We found that a maternal immunisation strategy would have the most substantial impact in infants younger than 3 months, reducing RSV infection incidence in this age group by 16.6% at 70% vaccination coverage. In children aged 3–6 months, RSV infection was reduced by 5.3%. Over the first 6 months of life, the incidence rate for infants born to unvaccinated mothers was 1.26 times that of infants born to vaccinated mothers. The impact in older age groups was more modest, with evidence of infections being delayed to the second year of life. Conclusions Our findings show that while individual benefit from maternal RSV vaccination could be substantial, population-level reductions may be more modest. Vaccination impact was sensitive to the extent that vaccination prevented infection, highlighting the need for more vaccine trial data.

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Transmission of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Within Families

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofu118 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Terho Heikkinen ◽

Heikki Valkonen ◽

Matti Waris ◽

Olli Ruuskanen

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Virus Infection ◽

Respiratory Symptoms ◽

Family Members ◽

Primary Case ◽

The Family ◽

Nasal Swabs ◽

Rsv Infection ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

A Prospective Study

Abstract Background. Because the production of an effective respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine for infants is challenging, vaccination of other family members is one viable alternative to prevent severe RSV illnesses in infants. Methods. In a prospective study, we enrolled all family members of children who were hospitalized with RSV infection. Nasal swabs for RSV detection were obtained from all participating family members. Data on respiratory symptoms in the family members prior to and after the child's admission were collected using standardized questionnaires. Results. At the time of or within 1 week after the index child's hospitalization, RSV was detected in 40 (77%) of the 52 families and in 60 (47%) of 129 family members. Forty-nine (82%) of RSV detections in the family members were associated with respiratory symptoms. A sibling or a parent was the probable primary case of RSV in 30 (58%) families. Respiratory syncytial virus loads in the nasal swabs were significantly higher (107.7) in index children than in their parents (105.1, P < .0001). Conclusions. In most cases, the likely source of an infant's RSV infection is an older sibling or a parent. These findings support the strategy of reducing the burden of RSV in infants by vaccination of their family members.

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Disability-adjusted Life Years for respiratory syncytial virus in Colombian children.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-20260/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

jefferson buendia ◽

Fernando Polack ◽

Juana Patricia Sanchez Villamil

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Statistical Parameter ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Years Of Life Lost ◽

Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽

Disability Adjusted Life ◽

Life Years ◽

Rsv Infection ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

The Impact

Abstract BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus infection is the leading cause of bronchiolitis worldwide. However, little is known about the real impact of bronchiolitis on society in terms of years of life lost due to this condition. The objective of the present study is to determine the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (1) in ColombiaMETHODS Data from the national epidemiological surveillance system were used to estimate DALYs, calculated from the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability due to RSV infection in Colombia. A bootstrapped method with 10000 iterations was used to estimate each statistical parameter using the package DALY calculator in R.RESULTS In 2019, 260 873 years of life (IC 95% 208 180–347 023) were lost due to RSV bronchiolitis in Colombian children under 2 years. The estimated rate was 20 DALYs / 1000 person-year (95% CI 16–27).CONCLUSION This is the first report estimating the impact of RSV bronchiolitis morbidity and mortality in Colombia. The findings of the present study suggest that the actual burden and cost of bronchiolitis due to RSV is high. Prevention strategies to reduce morbidity associated with RSV infection should be encouraged in our country.

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Disability-adjusted Life Years for respiratory syncytial virus in children under 2 years

10.21203/rs.3.rs-20260/v5 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Juana Patricia Sanchez Villamil ◽

Fernando Polack ◽

jefferson buendia

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Statistical Parameter ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Years Of Life Lost ◽

Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽

Disability Adjusted Life ◽

Life Years ◽

Rsv Infection ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

The Impact

Abstract BACKGROUND : Respiratory syncytial virus infection is the leading cause of bronchiolitis in Colombia. There is growing evidence about the impact of Respiratory syncytial virus on society in terms of years of life lost due to this condition. The objective of the present study is to determine the Disability-Adjusted Life Years for respiratory syncytial virus in children under 2 years in Colombia METHODS : Data from the national epidemiological surveillance system were used to estimate DALYs, calculated from the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability due to RSV infection in Colombia. A bootstrapped method with 10000 iterations was used to estimate each statistical parameter using the package DALY calculator in R. RESULTS : In 2019, 260 873 years of life (CI95% 208 180- 347 023) were lost due to RSV bronchiolitis in Colombian children under 2 years. The estimated rate was 20 DALYs / 1000 person-year (95% CI 16 – 27). CONCLUSION : This is the first report estimating the impact of RSV bronchiolitis morbidity and mortality in Colombia. The findings of the present study suggest that the actual burden and cost of bronchiolitis due to RSV is high. Prevention strategies, such as RSV vaccination, to reduce morbidity associated with RSV infection should be encouraged in our country.

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Disability-adjusted Life Years for respiratory syncytial virus in children under 2 years

10.21203/rs.3.rs-20260/v4 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Juana Patricia Sanchez Villamil ◽

Fernando Polack ◽

Jefferson Buendia

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Statistical Parameter ◽

Epidemiological Surveillance ◽

Years Of Life Lost ◽

Disability Adjusted Life Years ◽

Disability Adjusted Life ◽

Life Years ◽

Rsv Infection ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

The Impact

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Microbiome-Transcriptome Interactions Related to Severity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-50217-w ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Abhijeet R. Sonawane ◽

Liang Tian ◽

Chin-Yi Chu ◽

Xing Qiu ◽

Lu Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Principal Component ◽

Linear Interpolation ◽

Integrative Analysis ◽

Host Immune System ◽

Rsv Infection ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

Tract Infections ◽

The Impact

Abstract Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections and hospital visits during infancy and childhood. Although risk factors for RSV infection have been identified, the role of microbial species in the respiratory tract is only partially known. We aimed to understand the impact of interactions between the nasal microbiome and host transcriptome on the severity and clinical outcomes of RSV infection. We used 16 S rRNA sequencing to characterize the nasal microbiome of infants with RSV infection. We used RNA sequencing to interrogate the transcriptome of CD4+ T cells obtained from the same set of infants. After dimension reduction through principal component (PC) analysis, we performed an integrative analysis to identify significant co-variation between microbial clade and gene expression PCs. We then employed LIONESS (Linear Interpolation to Obtain Network Estimates for Single Samples) to estimate the clade-gene association patterns for each infant. Our network-based integrative analysis identified several clade-gene associations significantly related to the severity of RSV infection. The microbial taxa with the highest loadings in the implicated clade PCs included Moraxella, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus. Interestingly, many of the genes with the highest loadings in the implicated gene PCs are encoded in mitochondrial DNA, while others are involved in the host immune response. This study on microbiome-transcriptome interactions provides insights into how the host immune system mounts a response against RSV and specific infectious agents in nasal microbiota.

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A Model of the Costs of Community and Nosocomial Pediatric Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections in Canadian Hospitals

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2013/916769 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 22-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Philip Jacobs ◽

Douglas Lier ◽

Katherine Gooch ◽

Katharina Buesch ◽

Michelle Lorimer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽

Hospital Infection ◽

Sensitivity Analyses ◽

Base Case ◽

Infection Transmission ◽

Transmission Rates ◽

Hospitalization Costs ◽

Rsv Infection ◽

Syncytial Virus ◽

The Impact

BACKGROUND: Approximately one in 10 hospitalized patients will acquire a nosocomial infection (NI) after admission to hospital, of which 71% are due to respiratory viruses, including the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). NIs are concerning and lead to prolonged hospitalizations. The economics of NIs are typically described in generalized terms and specific cost data are lacking.OBJECTIVE: To develop an evidence-based model for predicting the risk and cost of nosocomial RSV infection in pediatric settings.METHODS: A model was developed, from a Canadian perspective, to capture all costs related to an RSV infection hospitalization, including the risk and cost of an NI, diagnostic testing and infection control. All data inputs were derived from published literature. Deterministic sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the uncertainty associated with the estimates and to explore the impact of changes to key variables. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed to estimate a confidence interval for the overall cost estimate.RESULTS: The estimated cost of nosocomial RSV infection adds approximately 30.5% to the hospitalization costs for the treatment of community-acquired severe RSV infection. The net benefits of the prevention activities were estimated to be equivalent to 9% of the total RSV-related costs. Changes in the estimated hospital infection transmission rates did not have a significant impact on the base-case estimate.CONCLUSIONS: The risk and cost of nosocomial RSV infection contributes to the overall burden of RSV. The present model, which was developed to estimate this burden, can be adapted to other countries with different disease epidemiology, costs and hospital infection transmission rates.

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