Bone Cancers

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Mirabello ◽  
Rochelle E. Curtis ◽  
Sharon A. Savage
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Primary Bone ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Therapeutic Radiation ◽  
Over Time

Cancers arising from bone or cartilage account for about 0.2% of malignant neoplasms. They are histologically heterogeneous with multiple rare subtypes. Osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma occur primarily in children and young adults, whereas other bone cancers occur in older individuals. As a group, bone cancers have few known environmental risk factors, the exception being a strong association between therapeutic radiation and increased risk of osteosarcoma. The genetic etiology is also better understood in osteosarcoma, although there have been limited studies in other types of bone cancers. This chapter reviews the worldwide incidence of more common types of primary bone cancers, patterns in survival over time, and the associated environmental and genetic risk factors.

scholarly journals Maternal mortality in six low and lower-middle income countries from 2010 to 2018: risk factors and trends

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (S3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Bauserman ◽  
Vanessa R. Thorsten ◽  
Tracy L. Nolen ◽  
Jackie Patterson ◽  
Adrien Lokangaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Maternal Deaths ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Maternal Risk ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background Maternal mortality is a public health problem that disproportionately affects low and lower-middle income countries (LMICs). Appropriate data sources are lacking to effectively track maternal mortality and monitor changes in this health indicator over time. Methods We analyzed data from women enrolled in the NICHD Global Network for Women’s and Children’s Health Research Maternal Newborn Health Registry (MNHR) from 2010 through 2018. Women delivering within research sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Guatemala, India (Nagpur and Belagavi), Kenya, Pakistan, and Zambia are included. We evaluated maternal and delivery characteristics using log-binomial models and multivariable models to obtain relative risk estimates for mortality. We used running averages to track maternal mortality ratio (MMR, maternal deaths per 100,000 live births) over time. Results We evaluated 571,321 pregnancies and 842 maternal deaths. We observed an MMR of 157 / 100,000 live births (95% CI 147, 167) across all sites, with a range of MMRs from 97 (76, 118) in the Guatemala site to 327 (293, 361) in the Pakistan site. When adjusted for maternal risk factors, risks of maternal mortality were higher with maternal age > 35 (RR 1.43 (1.06, 1.92)), no maternal education (RR 3.40 (2.08, 5.55)), lower education (RR 2.46 (1.54, 3.94)), nulliparity (RR 1.24 (1.01, 1.52)) and parity > 2 (RR 1.48 (1.15, 1.89)). Increased risk of maternal mortality was also associated with occurrence of obstructed labor (RR 1.58 (1.14, 2.19)), severe antepartum hemorrhage (RR 2.59 (1.83, 3.66)) and hypertensive disorders (RR 6.87 (5.05, 9.34)). Before and after adjusting for other characteristics, physician attendance at delivery, delivery in hospital and Caesarean delivery were associated with increased risk. We observed variable changes over time in the MMR within sites. Conclusions The MNHR is a useful tool for tracking MMRs in these LMICs. We identified maternal and delivery characteristics associated with increased risk of death, some might be confounded by indication. Despite declines in MMR in some sites, all sites had an MMR higher than the Sustainable Development Goals target of below 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030. Trial registration The MNHR is registered at NCT01073475.

scholarly journals Long-term risk of second malignancy and cardiovascular disease after Hodgkin lymphoma treatment

Hematology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (1) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flora E. van Leeuwen ◽  
Andrea K. Ng
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Valvular Heart Disease ◽  
Premature Menopause ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Cardiovascular Toxicity ◽  
Solid Malignancies ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Long-term survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) experience several late adverse effects of treatment, with second malignant neoplasms (SMNs) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) being the leading causes of death in these patients. Other late effects have also been identified, such as pulmonary dysfunction, endocrinopathies (thyroid dysfunction, infertility), neck muscle atrophy, and persistent fatigue. HL survivors have two- to fourfold increased risks to develop SMNs and CVD compared with the general population. With respect to SMNs, radiotherapy is associated with 1.5- to 15-fold increased risk of solid malignancies. The relative risk (RR) of solid tumors increases steadily with increasing follow-up time from 5 to 15 years since radiotherapy, and remains elevated for at least 40 years. The RR of solid SMNs increases strongly with younger age at first treatment. Risks of lung, breast, and gastrointestinal (GI) cancers increase with higher radiation dose. Alkylating agent chemotherapy, especially procarbazine, does not only increase risk of leukemia but also of solid malignancies, in particular, cancers of the lung and GI tract. In contrast, gonadotoxic chemotherapy decreases the risk of radiation-associated breast cancer, through induction of premature menopause. Smoking appears to multiply the radiation- and chemotherapy-associated risks of lung cancer. Both radiotherapy and chemotherapy for HL may cause cardiovascular toxicity. Radiotherapy increases the risk of coronary heart disease, valvular heart disease, congestive heart failure (HF), and pericarditis, whereas anthracycline-containing chemotherapy increases the risks of HF and valvular heart disease. Cardiovascular toxicity following radiotherapy is usually observed from 5 to at least 35 years after therapy, whereas anthracycline-related toxicity is already observed during treatment, up to at least 25 years. The joint effects of anthracyclines, radiotherapy, and conventional cardiovascular risk factors (eg, hypertension, smoking, and physical inactivity) appear to be additive rather than multiplicative. HL survivors need lifelong risk-based screening for selected SMNs and CVDs. Furthermore, preventive strategies should include lifestyle and drug-based interventions to minimize exposure to conventional risk factors for cancer and CVD.

scholarly journals POLYMORPHISM OF GENES AS A CAUSE OF GENETIC RISK FACTORS FOR MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS

2018 ◽  
Vol 1.2 (144) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
A. Chornobai ◽  
M. Chornobai ◽  
S. My�soedov ◽  
B. Sorokin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Genetic Risk Factors ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms

scholarly journals Community prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in England: Results from the ONS Coronavirus Infection Survey Pilot

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koen B Pouwels ◽  
Thomas House ◽  
Julie V Robotham ◽  
Paul Birrell ◽  
Andrew B Gelman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Direct Patient Contact ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Over Time

Objective: To estimate the percentage of individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) over time in the community in England and to quantify risk factors. Design: Repeated cross-sectional surveys of population-representative households with longitudinal follow-up if consent given. Setting: England. Participants: 34,992 Individuals aged 2 years and over from 16,722 private residential households. Data were collected in a pilot phase of the survey between 26 April and 28 June 2020. Main outcome measures: Percentage of individuals in the community testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA using throat and nose swabs. Individuals were asked about any symptoms and potential risk factors. Results: The percentage of people in private-residential households testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 reduced from 0.32% (95% credible interval (CrI) 0.19% to 0.52%) on 26 April to 0.08% (95% CrI 0.05% to 0.12%) on 28 June, although the prevalence stabilised near the end of the pilot. Factors associated with an increased risk of testing positive included having a job with direct patient contact (relative exposure (RE) 4.06, 95% CrI 2.42 to 6.77)), working outside the home (RE 2.49, 95% CrI 1.39 to 4.45), and having had contact with a hospital (RE 2.20, 95% CrI 1.09 to 4.16 for having been to a hospital individually and RE 1.95, 95% CrI 0.81 to 4.09 for a household member having been to a hospital). In 133 visits where individuals tested positive, 82 (61%, 95% CrI 53% to 69%) reported no symptoms, stably over time. Conclusion: The percentage of SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals declined between 26 April and 28 June 2020. Positive tests commonly occurred without symptoms being reported. Working outside your home was an important risk factor, indicating that continued monitoring for SARS-CoV-2 in the community will be essential for early detection of increases in infections following return to work and other relaxations of control measures.

scholarly journals Trends in factors indicating increased risk for STI among key subpopulations in the United States, 2002–2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jami S Leichliter ◽  
Patricia J Dittus ◽  
Casey E Copen ◽  
Sevgi O Aral
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Male Partner ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Risk Factors ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Over Time

ObjectivesWithin the context of rising rates of reportable STIs in the USA, we used national survey data to examine temporal trends in high-risk factors that indicate need for STI/HIV preventive services among key subpopulations with disproportionate STI rates.MethodsWe used data from the 2002 (n=12 571), 2006–2010 (n=22 682) and 2011–2015 (n=20 621) National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). NSFG is a national probability survey of 15–44 year olds living in US households. We examined STI risk factors among sexually active men who have sex with men (MSM) and Hispanic, non-Hispanic black, 15–19 year old, 20–24 year old, and 25–29 year old women who have sex with men (WSM) and men who have sex with women (MSW). Risk behaviours included: received money or drugs for sex, gave money or drugs for sex, partner who injected drugs, partner who has HIV, non-monogamous partner (WSM, MSW only) and male partner who had sex with other men (WSM only). Endorsement of any of these behaviours was recoded into a composite variable focusing on factors indicating increased STI risk (yes/no). We used chi-squares and logistic regression (calculating predicted marginals to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs)) to examine STI risk factors over time among the key subpopulations.ResultsFrom 2002 to 2011–2015, reported STI risk factors did not change or declined over time among key subpopulations in the USA. In adjusted analyses comparing 2002 to 2011–2015, we identified significant declines among WSM: Hispanics (aPR=0.84 (0.68–1.04), non-Hispanic blacks (aPR=0.69 (0.58–0.82), adolescents (aPR=0.71 (0.55–0.91) and 25–29 year olds (aPR=0.76 (0.58–0.98); among MSW: Hispanics (aPR=0.53 (0.40–0.70), non-Hispanic blacks (aPR=0.74 (0.59–0.94) and adolescents (aPR=0.63 (0.49–0.82); and among MSM (aPR=0.53 (0.34–0.84).ConclusionsWhile reported STIs have increased, STI risk factors among key subpopulations were stable or declined. Condom use related to these risk factors, sexual mixing patterns and STI testing should be examined.

scholarly journals Combined Effects of MMP-7, MMP-8 and MMP-26 on the Risk of Ischemic Stroke

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2011
Author(s):  
Fang-I Hsieh ◽  
Hung-Yi Chiou ◽  
Chaur-Jong Hu ◽  
Jiann-Shing Jeng ◽  
Huey-Juan Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Genetic Risk Score ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Weighted Genetic Risk Score

Ischemic stroke (IS) is multifactorial causation combining with traditional cardiovascular disease (CVD) and genetic risk factors. Combined effects of MMP-7, MMP-8 and MMP-26 on the risk of IS remain incompletely understood. We aimed to assess individual and joint effects for IS risk by weighted genetic risk score (wGRS) from these three genes and traditional CVD risk factors. A case-control study including 500 cases with IS and 500 stroke-free healthy controls frequency-matched with cases by age and sex was conducted. The wGRS was a weighted average of the number of risk genotype across selected SNPs from MMP-7, MMP-8 and MMP-26. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to analyze the relationship between wGRS and risk of IS. A wGRS in the second tertile was associated with a 1.5-fold increased risk of IS compared with the lowest tertile after adjusting for traditional CVD risk factors. Compared to subjects with low genetic and low modifiable CVD risk, those with high genetic and high modifiable CVD risk had the highest risk of IS (adjusted-OR = 5.75). In conclusion, higher wGRS was significantly associated with an increased risk for IS. A significant interaction between genetic and traditional CVD risk factors was also found on the risk of IS.

Lifestyle and sociodemographic risk factors for gastroschisis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (8) ◽  
pp. 756-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Baldacci ◽  
Michele Santoro ◽  
Alessio Coi ◽  
Lorena Mezzasalma ◽  
Fabrizio Bianchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Genetic Risk Factors ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Black Mothers ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Sociodemographic Risk ◽  
Meta Analyses

BackgroundGastroschisis is strongly associated with young maternal age. This association suggests the need for further investigations on non-genetic risk factors. Identifying these risk factors is a public health priority in order to develop prevention strategies aimed at reducing the prevalence and health consequences in offspring.ObjectiveTo systematically assess and quantitatively synthesise the available epidemiological studies to evaluate the association between non-genetic risk factors and gastroschisis.MethodsLiterature from PubMed, EMBASE and Scopus was searched for the period 1990–2018. Epidemiological studies reporting risk estimates between lifestyle and sociodemographic risk factors and gastroschisis were included. Two pairs of reviewers independently extracted information on study characteristics following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and MOOSE (Meta-analysis Of Oservational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines. Relative risk (RR) estimates were calculated across the studies and meta-analysis was performed using random-effects model.ResultsWe identified 58 studies. Meta-analyses were conducted on 29 studies. Maternal smoking (RR 1.56, 95% CI 1.40 to 1.74), illicit drug use (RR 2.14, 95% CI 1.48 to 3.07) and alcohol consumption (RR 1.40, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.70) were associated with an increased risk of gastroschisis. A decreased risk among black mothers compared with non-Hispanic white mothers (RR 0.49, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.63) was found. For Hispanic mothers no association was observed.ConclusionsExposure to smoking, illicit drugs and alcohol during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of gastroschisis. A significantly decreased risk for black mothers was observed. Further epidemiological studies to assess the potential role of other environmental factors are strongly recommended.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018104284.

scholarly journals Influence of 5-HT2C receptor and leptin gene polymorphisms, smoking and drug treatment on metabolic disturbances in patients with schizophrenia

2008 ◽  
Vol 192 (6) ◽  
pp. 424-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga O. Yevtushenko ◽  
Stephen J. Cooper ◽  
Ryan O'Neill ◽  
Jennifer K. Doherty ◽  
Jayne V. Woodside ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Drug Treatment ◽  
Genetic Polymorphisms ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Antipsychotic Drugs ◽  
Genetic Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Genotype Combination ◽  
Increased Risk

BackgroundObesity and metabolic syndrome are significant problems for patients taking antipsychotic drugs. Evidence is emerging of genetic risk factors.AimsTo investigate the influence of two candidate genes, smoking and drug treatment on obesity and metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia.MethodPatients (n=134) were assessed for measures of obesity, other factors contributing to metabolic syndrome, and two genetic polymorphisms (5-HT2C receptor −759C/T and leptin −2548A/G).ResultsNeither genotype nor smoking was significantly associated with measures of obesity. However, both leptin genotype and smoking were significantly associated with metabolic syndrome. Significant interaction occurred between the genetic polymorphisms for effects on obesity, whereby a genotype combination increased risk. Drug treatment showed significant effects on measures of obesity and triglyceride concentrations; risperidone was associated with lower values than olanzapine or clozapine.ConclusionsThe findings suggest interacting genetic risk factors and smoking influence development of metabolic syndrome in patients on antipsychotic drugs.

scholarly journals Prediction of primary venous thromboembolism based on clinical and genetic factors within the U.K. Biobank

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Kolin ◽  
Scott Kulm ◽  
Olivier Elemento
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Predictive Score ◽  
Polygenic Risk Score ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Increased Risk

AbstractBoth clinical and genetic factors drive the risk of venous thromboembolism. However, whether clinically recorded risk factors and genetic variants can be combined into a clinically applicable predictive score remains unknown. Using Cox proportional-hazard models, we analyzed the association of risk factors with the likelihood of venous thromboembolism in U.K. Biobank, a large prospective cohort. We then created a polygenic risk score of 36 single nucleotide polymorphisms and a clinical score determined by age, sex, body mass index, previous cancer diagnosis, smoking status, and fracture in the last 5 years. Participants were at significantly increased risk of venous thromboembolism if they were at high clinical risk (subhazard ratio, 4.37 [95% CI, 3.85–4.97]) or high genetic risk (subhazard ratio, 3.02 [95% CI, 2.63–3.47]) relative to participants at low clinical or genetic risk, respectively. The combined model, consisting of clinical and genetic components, was significantly better than either the clinical or the genetic model alone (P < 0.001). Participants at high risk in the combined score had nearly an eightfold increased risk of venous thromboembolism relative to participants at low risk (subhazard ratio, 7.51 [95% CI, 6.28–8.98]). This risk score can be used to guide decisions regarding venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, although external validation is needed.

scholarly journals The impact of age on genetic risk for common diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xilin Jiang ◽  
Chris Holmes ◽  
Gil McVean
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Genetic Risk Factors ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Common Diseases ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

AbstractInherited genetic variation contributes to individual risk for many complex diseases and is increasingly being used for predictive patient stratification. Recent work has shown that genetic factors are not equally relevant to human traits across age and other contexts, though the reasons for such variation are not clear. Here, we introduce methods to infer the form of the relationship between genetic risk for disease and age and to test whether all genetic risk factors behave similarly. We use a proportional hazards model within an interval-based censoring methodology to estimate age-varying individual variant contributions to genetic risk for 24 common diseases within the British ancestry subset of UK Biobank, applying a Bayesian clustering approach to group variants by their risk profile over age and permutation tests for age dependency and multiplicity of profiles. We find evidence for age-varying risk profiles in nine diseases, including hypertension, skin cancer, atherosclerotic heart disease, hypothyroidism and calculus of gallbladder, several of which show evidence, albeit weak, for multiple distinct profiles of genetic risk. The predominant pattern shows genetic risk factors having the greatest impact on risk of early disease, with a monotonic decrease over time, at least for the majority of variants although the magnitude and form of the decrease varies among diseases. We show that these patterns cannot be explained by a simple model involving the presence of unobserved covariates such as environmental factors. We discuss possible models that can explain our observations and the implications for genetic risk prediction.Author summaryThe genes we inherit from our parents influence our risk for almost all diseases, from cancer to severe infections. With the explosion of genomic technologies, we are now able to use an individual’s genome to make useful predictions about future disease risk. However, recent work has shown that the predictive value of genetic information varies by context, including age, sex and ethnicity. In this paper we introduce, validate and apply new statistical methods for investigating the relationship between age and genetic risk. These methods allow us to ask questions such as whether risk is constant over time, precisely how risk changes over time and whether all genetic risk factors have similar age profiles. By applying the methods to data from the UK Biobank, a prospective study of 500,000 people, we show that there is a tendency for genetic risk to decline with increasing age. We consider a series of possible explanations for the observation and conclude that there must be processes acting that we are currently unaware of, such as distinct phases of life in which genetic risk manifests itself, or interactions between genes and the environment.

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