Breast Cancer

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise A. Brinton ◽  
Mia M. Gaudet ◽  
Gretchen L. Gierach
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cellular Proliferation ◽  
Breast Cancer Incidence ◽  
Ovarian Hormones ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cumulative Exposure ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Newly Diagnosed

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide, with annual estimates of 1.7 million newly diagnosed cases and 522,000 deaths. Although more breast cancers are diagnosed in economically developed than in developing countries, the reverse is true for mortality, reflecting limited screening and less effective treatments in the latter. Breast cancer incidence has been on the rise in the United States for many years, but in recent years this is restricted to certain subgroups, while internationally there have been continued generalized increases, likely reflecting adoption of more Westernized lifestyles. Breast cancer is widely recognized as being hormonally influenced, with most of the established risk factors believed to reflect the influence of cumulative exposure of the breast to stimulatory effects of ovarian hormones—leading to increased cellular proliferation, which in turn can result in genetic errors during cell division.

Incidence of Invasive Breast Cancer by Hormone Receptor Status From 1992 to 1998

2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher I. Li ◽  
Janet R. Daling ◽  
Kathleen E. Malone
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
United States ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Hormone Receptor ◽  
Breast Cancer Incidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Hormone Receptor Status ◽  
Receptor Status ◽  
Cancer Incidence Rates

Purpose: Between 1987 and 1998, breast cancer incidence rates rose 0.5%/yr in the United States. A question of potential etiologic and clinical importance is whether the hormone receptor status of breast tumors is also changing over time. This is because hormone receptor status may reflect different etiologic pathways and is useful in predicting response to adjuvant therapy and prognosis. Methods: Age-adjusted, age-specific breast cancer incidence rates by estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status from 1992 to 1998 were obtained and compared from 11 population-based cancer registries in the United States that participate in the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Results: From 1992 to1998, the overall proportion of breast cancers that were ER-positive and PR-positive increased from 75.4% to 77.5% (P = .0002) and from 65.0% to 67.7% (P < .0001), respectively, continuing trends observed before 1992. These increases were limited to women 40 to 69 years of age. The proportions of ER-positive/PR-positive tumors increased from 56.7% to 62.3% (P = .0010) among 40- to 49-year-olds, from 58.0% to 63.2% (P = .0002) among 50- to 59-year-olds, and from 63.2% to 67.9% (P = .0020) among 60- to 69-year-olds. Conclusion: From 1992 to 1998, the proportion of tumors that are hormone receptor–positive rose as the proportion of hormone receptor–negative tumors declined. Because the incidence rates of hormone receptor–negative tumors remained fairly constant over these years, the overall rise in breast cancer incidence rates in the United States seems to be primarily a result of the increase in the incidence of hormone receptor–positive tumors. Hormonal factors may account for this trend.

Breast Cancer

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy E Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
United States ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Breast Cancer Incidence ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Stage Iv Breast Cancer ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

Invasive breast cancer, the most common nonskin cancer in women in the United States, will be diagnosed in 266,120 In 2018, along with 63,960 new cases of non-invasive (in situ) breast cancer. Incidence and mortality reached a plateau and appear to be dropping in both the United States and parts of western Europe. This decline has been attributed to several factors, such as early detection through the use of screening mammography and appropriate use of systemic adjuvant therapy, as well as decreased use of hormone replacement therapy. However, the global burden of breast cancer remains great, and global breast cancer incidence increased from 641,000 in 1980 to 1,643,000 in 2010, an annual rate of increase of 3.1%. This chapter examines the etiology, epidemiology, prevention, screening, staging, and prognosis of breast cancer. The diagnoses and treatments of the four stages of breast cancer are also included. Figures include algorithms used for the systemic treatment of stage IV breast cancer and hormone therapy for women with stage IV breast cancer. Tables describe selected outcomes from the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) P-1 and P-2 chemoprevention trials, tamoxifen chemoprevention trials for breast cancer, the TNM staging system and stage groupings for breast cancer, some commonly used adjuvant chemotherapy regimens, an algorithm for suggested treatment for patients with operable breast cancer from the 2011 St. Gallen consensus conference, guidelines for surveillance of asymptomatic early breast cancer survivors from the American Society of Clinical Oncology, and newer agents for metastatic breast cancer commercially available in the United States. This review contains 2 highly rendered figures, 8 tables, and 108 references.

scholarly journals An Expanded Agenda for the Primary Prevention of Breast Cancer: Charting a Course for the Future

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. White ◽  
Marion (Mhel) H. E. Kavanaugh-Lynch ◽  
Shauntay Davis-Patterson ◽  
Nancy Buermeyer
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
United States ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Cancer Survival ◽  
Breast Cancer Incidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Breast Cancer Prevention ◽  
The Future

Advances in breast cancer science, early detection, and treatment have resulted in improvements in breast cancer survival but not in breast cancer incidence. After skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis in the United States. Each year, nearly a quarter million U.S. women receive a breast cancer diagnosis, and the number continues to rise each year with the growth in the population of older women. Although much remains to be understood about breast cancer origins and prevention, action can be taken on the existing scientific knowledge to address the systemic factors that drive breast cancer risk at the population level. The California Breast Cancer Research Program funded a team at Breast Cancer Prevention Partners (BCPP) to convene leaders in advocacy, policy, and research related to breast cancer prevention from across the state of California. The objective was the development of a strategic plan to direct collective efforts toward specific and measurable objectives to reduce the incidence of breast cancer. The structured, innovative approach used by BCPP to integrate scientific evidence with community perspectives provides a model for other states to consider, to potentially change the future trajectory of breast cancer incidence in the United States.

scholarly journals Declining Incidence of Contralateral Breast Cancer in the United States From 1975 to 2006

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1564-1569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hazel B. Nichols ◽  
Amy Berrington de González ◽  
James V. Lacey ◽  
Philip S. Rosenberg ◽  
William F. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
United States ◽  
Contralateral Breast Cancer ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
The United States ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Contralateral Breast ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Annual Percent Change ◽  
Er Positive

Purpose Contralateral breast cancer (CBC) is the most frequent new malignancy among women diagnosed with a first breast cancer. Although temporal trends for first breast cancers have been well studied, trends for CBC are not so well established. Patients and Methods We examined temporal trends in CBC incidence using US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (1975 to 2006). Data were stratified by estrogen receptor (ER) status of the first breast cancer for the available time period (1990+). We estimated the annual percent change (EAPC) in CBC rates using Poisson regression models adjusted for the age at and time since first breast cancer diagnosis. Results Before 1985, CBC incidence rates were stable (EAPC, 0.27% per year; 95% CI, −0.4 to 0.9), after which they declined with an EAPC of −3.07% per year (95% CI, −3.5 to −2.7). From 1990 forward, the declines were restricted to CBC after an ER-positive cancer (EAPC, −3.18%; 95% CI, −4.2 to −2.2) with no clear decreases after an ER-negative cancer. Estimated current age-specific CBC rates (per 100/year) after an ER-positive first cancer were: 0.45 for first cancers diagnosed before age 30 years and 0.25 to 0.37 for age 30 years or older. Rates after an ER-negative cancer were higher: 1.26 before age 30 years, 0.85 for age 30 to 35 years, and 0.45 to 0.65 for age 40 or older. Conclusion Results show a favorable decrease of 3% per year for CBC incidence in the United States since 1985. This overall trend was driven by declining CBC rates after an ER-positive cancer, possibly because of the widespread usage of adjuvant hormone therapies, after the results of the Nolvadex Adjuvant Trial Organisation were published in 1983, and/or other adjuvant treatments.

scholarly journals Racial Disparities in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: A Review of the Role of Biologic and Non-biologic Factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Om Prakash ◽  
Fokhrul Hossain ◽  
Denise Danos ◽  
Adam Lassak ◽  
Richard Scribner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
Triple Negative Breast Cancer ◽  
Triple Negative ◽  
The United States ◽  
Poor Survival ◽  
Potential Interactions ◽  
Biologic Factors

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer that lacks expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2). TNBC constitutes about 15–30 percent of all diagnosed invasive breast cancer cases in the United States. African-American (AA) women have high prevalence of TNBC with worse clinical outcomes than European-American (EA) women. The contributing factors underlying racial disparities have been divided into two major categories based on whether they are related to lifestyle (non-biologic) or unrelated to lifestyle (biologic). Our objective in the present review article was to understand the potential interactions by which these risk factors intersect to drive the initiation and development of the disparities resulting in the aggressive TNBC subtypes in AA women more likely than in EA women. To reach our goal, we conducted literature searches using MEDLINE/PubMed to identify relevant articles published from 2005 to 2019 addressing breast cancer disparities primarily among AA and EA women in the United States. We found that disparities in TNBC may be attributed to racial differences in biological factors, such as tumor heterogeneity, population genetics, somatic genomic mutations, and increased expression of genes in AA breast tumors which have direct link to breast cancer. In addition, a large number of non-biologic factors, including socioeconomic deprivation adversities associated with poverty, social stress, unsafe neighborhoods, lack of healthcare access and pattern of reproductive factors, can promote comorbid diseases such as obesity and diabetes which may adversely contribute to the aggression of TNBC biology in AA women. Further, the biological risk factors directly linked to TNBC in AA women may potentially interact with non-biologic factors to promote a higher prevalence of TNBC, more aggressive biology, and poor survival. The relative contributions of the biologic and non-biologic factors and their potential interactions is essential to our understanding of disproportionately high burden and poor survival rates of AA women with TNBC.

scholarly journals Decreasing Incidence of Estrogen Receptor-Negative Breast Cancer in the United States: Trends by Race and Region

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittny C Davis Lynn ◽  
Pavel Chernyavskiy ◽  
Gretchen L Gierach ◽  
Philip S Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
United States ◽  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Breast Cancer Incidence ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Annual Percent Change ◽  
Hispanic White

Abstract Background Incidence of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer, an aggressive subtype, is highest in United States (US) African American women and in southern residents but has decreased overall since 1992. We assessed whether ER-negative breast cancer is decreasing in all age groups and cancer registries among non-Hispanic White (NHW), non-Hispanic Black (NHB), and Hispanic White (HW) women. Methods We analyzed 17 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End-Results Program registries (twelve for 1992-2016; five for 2000-2016) to assess NHW, NHB, and HW trends by ER status and age group (30-39, 40-49, 50-69, 70-84 years). We used hierarchical age-period-cohort models that account for sparse data, which improve estimates to quantify between-registry heterogeneity in mean incidence rates and age-adjusted trends versus SEER overall. Results Overall, ER-negative incidence was highest in NHB, then NHW and HW women, and decreased from 1992-2016 in each age group and racial/ethnic group. The greatest decrease was for HW women ages 40-49 years with an annual percent change of –3.5%/year (95% credible interval = −4.4%, −2.7%), averaged over registries. The trend heterogeneity was statistically significant in every race/ethnic and age group. Furthermore, the incidence relative risks by race/ethnicity compared to the race-specific SEER average were also statistically significantly heterogeneous across the majority of registries and age groups (62 of 68 strata). The greatest heterogeneity was seen in HW women, followed by NHB women, and the least in NHW women. Conclusion Decreasing ER-negative breast cancer incidence differs meaningfully by US region and age among NHB and HW women. Analytical studies including minority women from higher and lower incidence areas may provide insights into breast cancer racial disparities.

Issues in Breast Cancer Survivorship: Optimal Care, Bone Health, and Lifestyle Modifications

2016 ◽  
pp. e22-e29
Author(s):  
Michelle E. Melisko ◽  
William J. Gradishar ◽  
Beverly Moy
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
United States ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
Breast Cancer Survivors ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Large Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Breast Cancers ◽  
Lifestyle Modifications ◽  
Increased Risk

There are an estimated 3.1 million survivors of breast cancer in the United States. The predominant reasons for this substantially large population are that breast cancer is the most common noncutaneous malignancy among women and that 5-year survival rates after breast cancer treatment are approximately 90%. These patients have many medical considerations, including the need to monitor for disease recurrence and to manage complications of their previous cancer treatments. Most patients remain at risk indefinitely for local and systemic recurrences of their breast cancers and have an increased risk of developing contralateral new primary breast cancers. Therefore, optimizing care for this patient population is critical to the overall health care landscape in the United States. Here, we summarize survivorship care delivery and its challenges, the optimization of bone health in breast cancer survivors, and opportunities for risk reduction through lifestyle modifications.

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