Plato on Laughter and Moral Harm
Despite the prevalence of laughter in the dialogues, Plato’s explicit theorizing about laughter is mainly critical. This chapter examines exactly Plato’s views on the moral harmfulness of laughter, as expressed in his three distinct analyses: in Republic 3, Socrates argues that powerful laughter provokes a powerful change in character; in Republic 10, Socrates charges that comedy tempts even decent people to laugh at inappropriate jokes, thus strengthening the lower part of one’s soul; and in the Philebus, Socrates gives a definition of “the ridiculous” in terms of self-ignorance, and he provides an analysis of “derisive laughter,” on which it indulges an unjust emotion, phthonos (“envy” or “malice”). The chapter argues that these criticisms are mutually supporting and aimed at specific kinds of laughter, and then, turning to the Laws, provides an analysis of ethically appropriate laughter and lays out the educational benefits of comedy.