Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Katina Manko
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Corporate Culture ◽  
Independent Contractors ◽  
Business Opportunity ◽  
Direct Sales ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
Women In Business ◽  
Sales Company ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Private Homes

Avon Products employs women as both corporate employees and as sales representatives. Employees receive a salary and work at the office while the representatives are independent contractors who work from home and are paid by commission on their personal sales. Avon Ladies visited the private homes of their customers, cultivating a personalized service integral to the corporate culture. Avon, as a direct sales company, has always sold two products. The first was its line of cosmetics, perfumes, and toiletries as displayed in its catalogs. The second, to which Avon also devoted substantial time and resources, was selling the business opportunity and recruiting women to become Avon Ladies. Avon organized its representatives in city or regional sales offices run by salaried managers, and unlike modern multi-level marketing companies, it did not require representatives to recruit. As a leader in the direct selling industry, Avon occupied an influential position in the twentieth-century conversation about women in business and the value of women’s entrepreneurship.

King of Selling

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clovis E. Semmes
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Personal Care Products ◽  
Product Line ◽  
Personal Care ◽  
White Racism ◽  
Direct Sales ◽  
Black Entrepreneurs ◽  
Sales Company ◽  
Black Consumers

S.B. Fuller was one of the most successful black entrepreneurs of the twentieth century. Early on, he primarily catered to black consumers through his Fuller Products Company, a door-to-door direct sales company featuring personal care products. Later, he surreptitiously bought the previously white-owned Boyer International Laboratories whose product line included Jean Nadal cosmetics. When southern whites discovered Fuller’s ownership of Boyer International, a subsequent boycott damaged this aspect of Fuller’s business holdings. In addition, problems associated with his ownership of Chicago’s South Center commercial complex (which included the iconic Regal Theater), led to his bankruptcy. Ironically, Fuller, during his career, publicly downplayed the importance of white racism. Yet, the racially motivated boycott of Boyer International products was the catalyst for later his commercial misfortunes.

Ding Dong! Avon Calling!

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katina Manko
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Sales Force ◽  
Advertising Campaign ◽  
Business Opportunity ◽  
Women In Management ◽  
Direct Sales ◽  
The World ◽  
Sales Company ◽  
Executive Suite ◽  
A Company

The Avon Lady was a woman who sold cosmetics door-to-door and earned commissions on her sales. In the 1950s, she became famous in a long-running advertising campaign that featured a two-chime doorbell, “Ding Dong!,” followed by the greeting “Avon Calling!” At that time, more than 250,000 women worked as Avon Ladies, and together they represented the largest female direct sales force in the world. Avon began as the California Perfume Company in 1886. Its founder, David McConnell, had sought to provide women with an independent business opportunity largely hoping to soften the seedy reputation of itinerant peddlers. When the company created the Avon brand of cosmetics in the 1930s, changing its name to Avon Products in 1939, it stood as a leader in the direct selling industry and the only company to hire women exclusively as its representatives. This history explores the business of those representatives and the way they were managed. In the second half of the twentieth century, Avon became the largest direct sales company in the United States, spurred by a growing white suburban market. Avon hesitated until the late 1960s to develop recruiting and sales in the African American market, but by the 1970s it was regarded as a leader in affirmative action programs to diversify its workplace and promote women in management. Still, Avon’s executive suite remained a male preserve until Andrea Jung became its first female CEO in 1999. Although Avon closed its doors in 2016, it had earned a solid reputation as a company by women, and for women.

FIELDS OF DREAMS, FIELDS OF SCHEMES: PONZI FINANCE AND MULTI-LEVEL MARKETING IN SOUTH AFRICA

Africa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Detlev Krige
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Marketing Strategies ◽  
New Members ◽  
Work From Home ◽  
Liberal Capitalism ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Pyramid Schemes ◽  
Social Logics

ABSTRACTThe structural conditions associated with increased inequality amidst rapid change brought about by growing financialization and efforts to get the ‘unbanked’ sections of society into the formal financial system have created the conditions under which illegal pyramid and ponzi schemes, fake investment schemes, and legal multi-level marketing companies have been able to flourish. In contemporary Johannesburg and Soweto the originators of money multiplication schemes and the agents who ‘work’ to recruit new members position themselves in this context as financial entrepreneurs and brokers who embody a range of seemingly contradictory discourses, drawing on discourses of ‘empowerment’, ‘self-help’, ‘entrepreneurship’ and ‘religiously sanctioned wealth and prosperity’ in the course of their risk taking in the field of finance. Based on a series of case studies of female agents of ‘push-push’ schemes, the article shows how many of these discourses reflect some of the conditions of contemporary capitalism: citizens are expected to be active investors, active entrepreneurs and hard workers who are able to work from home and without a boss. Moreover, the schemes use sophisticated technologies, marketing strategies and other practices which simulate formality, legality and sincerity – echoing religious practices and discourses. At the same time a set of cultural values and social logics that are not necessarily produced by neo-liberal capitalism and financialization, but are certainly activated by them, makes it hard for citizens to recognize or admit the forms of deception involved, unless deception is seen to be central to the operation of the modern state or the present ‘get-rich-quick’ culture. Risk taking, and pursuit of social mobility, originate in dual economy legacies, with their unfulfilled expectations, wealth disparities and frustrated class aspiration. Participants in pyramid schemes have ideologies combining ‘progress’ with ‘imminent doom’, entrepreneurship with greed: contradictory attitudes reflective of financialization in the broader world.

scholarly journals CORPORATE BRANDING COWORKING PLACE IN BANDUNG (CORPORATE BRANDING COWORKING SPACE DI BANDUNG)

EDUTECH ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 122
Author(s):  
Dewi Damayanti ◽  
Evi Novianti ◽  
Centurion C. Priyatna
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Culture ◽  
Product Differentiation ◽  
Corporate Branding ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Corporate Image ◽  
Target Market ◽  
Business Opportunity ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Descriptive Method

The title of this research is “Corporate Branding Coworking Space in Bandung” with the subtitle is “Descriptive Study of Corporate Branding Coworking Space in Bandung to Create Product Differentiation”. The high demand for economical workspace makes business coworking space growing. The growth happen in Bandung and make the level of competition coworking space in Bandung is quite high, especially with the uniformity of the product offered each coworking space. Seeing these growth, researchers interested in conducting research on how corporate branding coworking space in Bandung to create product differentiation.The purpose of this study is to discover how company create the vision, implemented vision to their corporate culture, and the compability between their vision and image of Bandung Digital Valley, Freenovation, and Ruang Reka that stakeholder created. The method used in this research is descriptive method with qualitative data and Hatch & Schultz’s concept of corporate branding. The data collection techniques used in interviews, observation, and documentation study.The result of this study indicate that Bandung Digital Valley, Freenovation, and Ruang Reka focus to introduce the company to their target market. Started from create the vision of the company by founder based on their experiences and business opportunity. Then, the application of corporate vision to corporate culture. Non of Bandung Digital Valley, Freenovation, or Ruang Reka implement the vision into corporate culture. Last, Bandung Digital Valley, Freenovation, and Ruang Reka think it is not a right time to create corporate image because they need to improve the quality of their facility first.   Keywords : corporate branding, product differentiation, Bandung Digital Valley, Freenovation, Ruang RekaJudul penelitian yang diangkat adalah “Corporate Branding Coworking Space di Bandung” dengan sub judul Studi Deskriptif mengenai Corporate Branding Coworking Space di Bandung dalam Melakukan Diferensiasi Produk”.  Tingginya kebutuhan akan ruang kerja yang ekonomis membuat bisnis coworking space semakin berkembang. Perkembangan ini terjadi di Bandung dan membuat tingkat persaingan coworking space di Bandung cukup tinggi, terlebih dengan keseragaman produk yang ditawarkan tiap coworking space. Melihat perkembangan tersebut, peneliti tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian mengenai bagaimana corporate branding coworking space di Bandung dalam melakukan diferensiasi produk. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana pembentukan visi perusahaan, pengimplementasian visi ke dalam budaya, dan kesesuaian citra dengan visi Bandung Digital Valley, Freenovation, dan Ruang Reka yang dihasilkan oleh stakeholder. Mengacu kepada konsep Corporate Branding dari Hatch dan Schultz. Metode penelitian yaitu metode deskriptif dengan data kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan wawancara, observasi, dan studi dokumentasi. Setelah melakukan penelitian hasil yang didapat menunjukkan bahwa Corporate branding Bandung Digital Valley, Freenovation, dan Ruang Reka diakui fokus pada pengenalan perusahaan ke target pasarnya. Dimulai dengan pembentukan visi oleh pendiri melihat dari pengalaman dan peluang yang dimiliki. Lalu, penerapan visi pada setiap aspek perusahaan, salah satunya budaya perusahaan tidak dilakukan oleh seluruh coworking space. Terakhir, pembentukan citra kepada stakeholder dirasa belum saatnya karena masih perlu meningkatkan kualitas internal namun sudah ada usaha kesana yang tidak disadari oleh  Bandung Digital Valley, Freenovation, dan Ruang Reka.Kata Kunci : pembentukan merek perusahaan, diferensiasi produk, Bandung Digital Valley, Freenovation, Ruang Reka.

scholarly journals MANIPULATIVE COOPERATION POLITICS OF MLM COMPANIES IN SURABAYA CITY

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 243
Author(s):  
Retno Andriati
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Culture ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
National Association ◽  
Marketing Plan ◽  
International Level ◽  
Direct Selling ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Cooperation Policy

Many studies on multi-level marketing business from law, management, marketing economic and anthropology perspectives have been focused on its legality which is victims of MLM companies/fake MLM companies. Studies on market phenomenon and entrepreneurship of MLM large industry fromeconomy anthropology perspective are still rare especially in Indonesia. The study is intended to identify the underlying cooperation policy as well as manipulative conduct of MLM business in Surabaya.The study employs qualitative and ethnographic approaches. Qualitative data wereanalyzed using ethnographic approaches. The result of research suggests that MLM businesses have undertaken manipulative cooperation politics by establishing both international level direct selling association (WFDSA) and national association (APLI) in response to the MLM business controversy. APLI exploits andmanipulates non-member of APLI. Exploiting and manipulating MLM members through ideology doctrine and marketing plan of MLM business/corporate culture

Multi-Objective Territory Design for Sales Managers of a Direct Sales Company

2019 ◽  
pp. 160-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Olivares-Benitez ◽  
Pilar Novo Ibarra ◽  
Samuel Nucamendi-Guillén ◽  
Omar G. Rojas
Keyword(s):  
Integer Program ◽  
National Average ◽  
Mixed Integer ◽  
Mixed Integer Program ◽  
Sales Managers ◽  
Territory Design ◽  
Direct Sales ◽  
Sales Company ◽  
A Company

This chapter presents a case study to organize the sales territories for a company with 11 sales managers to be assigned to 111 sales coverage units in Mexico. The assignment problem is modeled as a mathematical program with two objective functions. One objective minimizes the maximum distance traveled by the manager, and the other objective minimizes the variation of the sales growth goals with respect to the national average. To solve the bi-objective non-linear mixed-integer program, a weights method is selected. Some instances are solved using commercial software with long computational times. Also, a heuristic and a metaheuristic based on simulated annealing were developed. The design of the heuristic generates good solutions for the distance objective. The metaheuristic produces better results than the heuristic, with a better balance between the objectives. The heuristic and the metaheuristic are capable of providing good results with short computational times.

Women of Enterprise

2021 ◽  
pp. 209-236
Author(s):  
Katina Manko
Keyword(s):  
Business Administration ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Small Business Administration ◽  
Women Business Owners ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
Direct Sales ◽  
Global Organization ◽  
Sales Company ◽  
Management Policies ◽  
A Company

During the 1980s and 1990s, Avon had successfully built its reputation as “a company of women and for women.” Avon, along with the Small Business Administration, created a Women of Enterprise awards program that highlighted the success of women business owners outside of direct sales. Through this program, Avon engaged in a popular conversation about women’s ability to “have it all.” Recognized for its women-friendly management policies, organizations such as Catalyst held Avon up as an example of a company where women had shattered the glass ceiling, even though Avon continued to name men to lead the corporation, prompting the defection of several high-ranking women in its global organization. When Andrea Jung became CEO in 1999, Avon had reached its zenith as a direct sales company, but it could not succeed against the fundamental challenges presented by internet marketing.

scholarly journals Bisnis Multi Level Marketing dalam Tinjauan Fatwa DSN MUI No: 75/DSN-MUI/VII/2009 (Studi Kasus Pada Member MLM 4Jovem di Situbondo)

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-111
Author(s):  
Lailatur Rahmah ◽  
Wawan Juandi ◽  
Muhammad Shaleh
Keyword(s):  
Marketing Plan ◽  
Direct Sales ◽  
Present Practice ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Modern Era

One of form economic that develop in this modern era is MLM (Multi Level Marketing) business. One of MLM business that can interest Situbondo society is 4Jovem MLM. This business promise exciting rewads like money, HP, car, umroh, and others. Requirements about Islamic MLM contained in DSN MUI No. 75/DSN-MUI/VII/2009 as one of reference in determining the halal haram of MLM. This research have purpose to present practice 4Jovem MLM business completely and it’s analysis based on Fatwa MUI until the society can take a stand about this 4Jovem MLM. Based on analysis presented, it be concluded that the implementation of the 4Jovem MLM business in Situbondo especially, most of them is have been fulfilled provisions and applied the contract in Fatwa MUI about  Syari’ah Direct Sales. However, in the fied practice, there are some 4Jovem practice that have not been fulfilled provisions of Fatwa MUI, that is advanced  prerequirement in the Agya reward. For reach that agya car,  must recruit  of 700 point or members at right and 800 point or members at left. Not only this is gharar in marketing plan, but also 4Jovem practice is ighra’.

“Now You Are in Business for Yourself”

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-74
Author(s):  
Katina Manko
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Sales Representatives ◽  
Demographic Profile ◽  
Business Opportunity ◽  
Direct Sales ◽  
Sales Organization

The California Perfume Company (CPC) was the only direct sales organization to hire women exclusively as its sales representatives. The size of the force increased from about 10,000 in 1910 to more than 30,000 by 1929. A demographic profile built from an analysis of company newsletters and census data shows that the vast majority of CPC representatives worked in small rural towns of fewer than 1,000 people. Most were married and were forty years of age or older. Selling door-to-door allowed women to bridge the gap between home and work. CPC promised women an independent business opportunity, and their testimonials showed that most regarded the work as business, not labor. Their sales records, however, suggest that only a minority of women would rely on CPC as their main source of income.

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