Conservation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Perrings ◽  
Ann Kinzig
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
The Public ◽  
Good Nature

This book explores the process by which people decide to conserve or convert natural resources. Building on a seminal study by Harold Hotelling that connects conservation to expected changes in the value of resources, the authors develop the general principles involved in conservation science. The focus of the book is the resources of the natural environment. This includes both directly exploited resources such as agricultural soils, minerals, forests, and fish stocks, and biodiversity—the wild species and natural ecosystems put at risk when people choose to convert natural habitat, or to discharge waste products to water, land, or air. The theory of conservation shows how much or how little to extract from the environment, and how much to leave intact. It also shows how conservation decisions are influenced by the existence of market failures—the external impacts of market decisions on ecosystems, and the public good nature of many ecosystem services. It shows how conservation connects to expected changes in the relative importance or value of natural resources, and what is needed to uncover that value. It shows how context matters. Decisions about the conservation of natural resources are influenced by property rights—whether land is private property or in the public domain; by environmental policies, laws, and regulations within countries; and by environmental agreements between countries. Finally, this book shows how conservation differs within and beyond protected areas, how it connects to the system of environmental governance, and how governance structures have evolved over time.

scholarly journals TOWARDS A TAXONOMY FOR PUBLIC AND COMMON PROPERTY

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Effective Protection ◽  
The Public ◽  
Property Interest ◽  
Public Property ◽  
New Strategies

AbstractThis article argues that public property rights should be recognised as a separate category of property interest, different and distinct from private and common property interests and conferring distinctive rights and obligations on both “owners” and members of the public. It develops a taxonomy to differentiate private, public and common property rights. The article concludes that it is a mistake to think in terms of “private property”, “common property” or “public property”. The division and allocation of resource entitlements in land can result in private, common and public property rights subsisting over the same land simultaneously, in different combinations and at different times. The categorisation of property interests in land (as private, common or public) may also shift and change from time to time. The article considers the importance of distinguishing between private, common and public property interests for developing new strategies for environmental governance, and for implementing the effective protection of natural resources.

Legal Strategies for the Development and Protection of Communal Property

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Nature Conservation ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Private Property ◽  
The Public ◽  
Economic Exploitation ◽  
Communal Property ◽  
Legal Strategies ◽  
Property Regimes ◽  
Recreational Use

‘Communal’ property is an important mechanism for allocating natural resources and regulating their use – whether for economic exploitation, recreational use or the promotion of biodiversity and nature conservation. The form which communal property regimes take, however, and their relationship to private property structures, varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and is poorly understood. Nevertheless, the importance of communal property, transcending the public/private divide in property rights, is increasingly apparent globally. Contributions to this volume focus on legal strategies for the development and protection of communal property and how these strategies ‘map’ over different jurisdictions (England and Wales, Scotland, South Africa, Cameroon, Italy, Israel and China) and jurisprudential approaches. They look at property beyond the traditional, individualist, and exclusive ownership model, engaging with communal property ‘practices’ in different jurisdictions to explore the theoretical grounding of communal property, not only linking theory with practice but also linking the local with the global.

POLITICS AND PROPERTY IN NATURAL RESOURCES

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-94
Author(s):  
Andrew P. Morriss
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Environmental Problems ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
Extractive Industries ◽  
Private Property Rights ◽  
The Public ◽  
Natural Resource Extraction

Modern discussions of natural resources focus on increasing public control over extractive industries proposing measures that range from increasing the public's share of the gain via royalties and taxes to regulating extractive activities to prevent environmental problems to outright expropriation of private investments. This article argues that such efforts are counterproductive because the fundamental economic problem of natural resources is producing the knowledge necessary to locate and extract resource deposits. The public benefit comes from enabling the use of the resources and the increased economic activity their discovery produces rather than from royalties or expropriation. The key question in designing natural resource laws is thus their effects on the incentive to discover and manage resources. Private property rights in natural resources are the best way to provide such incentives. Fortunately, the combination of property rights and tort law principles (trespass and nuisance) enables property rights to solve environmental problems related to natural resource extraction as well.

scholarly journals The Right Of Ownership Of The Ukrainian People And The Right Of State Ownership Of Natural Objects And Their Resources

2019 ◽  
pp. 164-174
Author(s):  
V.A. Martyniuk
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Private Property ◽  
State Ownership ◽  
The State ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
The Public ◽  
Natural Objects ◽  
The Right

The article presents the analysis of the ownership of natural objects and their resources through understanding and correlation of the property rights of the Ukrainian people and the state property rights. Different scientific approaches to understanding the property rights of the Ukrainian people are analyzed. Emphasizes on the public aspect of the legal regime of property of the Ukrainian people. It is substantiated that the recognition by the legislator of natural objects and natural resources as objects of property of the Ukrainian people confirms and points to the special importance of such objects for the life of the whole society. At the same time, the property of the Ukrainian people was not declared as exclusive. Natural objects and their resources may be public, communal and private property. In our opinion, the thesis about the equivalence of the property rights of the Ukrainian people and the state property rights, which is grounded in separate scientific researches, is not correct. The property rights of the Ukrainian people and the right of state ownership differ in their nature and mechanisms of legislative regulation. The state, as a subject of state ownership of natural objects and their resources, is on an equal footing with other entities. In the article, on the basis of legislative prescriptions, the subjects of exercising the property rights of the Ukrainian people and state property rights are identified. The differences in the system of such entities are indicated.  

Equità, efficienza e diritti di proprietà

1989 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-190
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Clerico
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Imperfect Information ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Consumer Welfare ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
Private Property Rights ◽  
The Public ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Right

Abstract Because of the market failures private property rights not always are such to obtain socially acceptable outcomes through the exchange. To guarantee social welfare the policy maker usually limits the property rights. Such limitations concern: the existence of the private property rights in itself; the right of transferring and exchanging the above mentioned; the right of discretionary use of the private property.The restrictions to private property rights are motivated by efficiency and equity. On the efficiency side the public policy can be set up by three reasons: presence of externalities; existence of imperfect information; difficulties to coordinate economic activity and exchange.Efficiency and equity are obviously affected by any restriction of the property rights. We face the fact that often the equity aim is not a universal aim but instead a particular one restricted to some social group. On the equity side public policy claims its right to intervene particularly when the right holder earns pure profits limitative of the consumer welfare and exploits his market power.Any restriction to private property rights is either a source of benefits for people not paying the relative cost or a cause of cost for people not enjoying any benefit. Ideally it would be necessary either to levy a tax or to give a subsidy in order to bring back the initial welfare conditions. This rarely happens above all because of tangled effects and transaction costs.

scholarly journals Management of the Natural Attractions in the Area Simarjarunjung Simalungun North Sumatra Province

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 450-462
Author(s):  
Rinal Kusnadi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Environmental Governance ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Nature Tourism ◽  
Institutional Management ◽  
The Common ◽  
Tourism Potential ◽  
North Sumatra

Nature is the utilization of natural resources and environmental governance has been defined as the object of tourist attraction and to be made the target of tourism potential. The natural potential in Indonesia is very diverse, one of which is the potential of Nature Tourism in North Sumatra. Natural potential that is being developed is only one Nature in The Simarjarunjung. This study aims to determine how the institutional management of the Natural Attractions in the Area Simarjarunjung Simalungun Regency and utilization of natural resources on the activities of the Nature in The Simarjarunjung Simalungun. This research method is qualitative using institutional theory has aspects of that structure, shape and norms. The utilization of natural resources using the theory states there are four aspects, namely, the common property, state property, private property and the common property. The result of this research is the institutional management of the Natural Attractions in The Simarjarunjung have the management of the Combined Forest Farmer Group and the Group Aware of Its Loyal Both as a driver and manager. Natural attractions in The Simarjarunjung managed group and personal with having the structure of the management. Natural resources in the Region's Nature Simarjarunjung have natural resources that is different such is the charm of nature, the mountains, the pine stands, agro-forestry plants and microclimate. The utilization of these natural resources will continue to be managed to improve the local economy. Keywords: Nature, Simarjarunjung, Institutional Management, Natural Resources.

GOOD GOVERNANCE, AKUNTANSI PEMERINTAHAN DAN EKONOMI KERAKYATAN

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuskar Yuskar
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Financial Economic ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Governance Mechanism ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Government

Good governance is a ware to create an efficient, effective and accountable government by keeping a balanced interaction well between government, private sector and society role. The implementation of a good governance is aimed to recover the public trust for the government that has been lost for the last several years because of financial, economic and trust crisis further multidimensional crisis. The Misunderstanding concept and unconcerned manner of government in implementing a good governance lately have caused unstability, deviation and injustice for Indonesia society. This paper is a literature study explaining a concept, principles and characteristics of a good governance. Furthermore, it explains the definition, development and utility of an efficient, effective and accountable government in creating a good governance mechanism having a strong impact to the democratic economy and social welfare. It also analyzes the importance of government concern for improving democratic economy suitable with human and natural resources and the culture values of Indonesia.

scholarly journals The influence of common property rights on forest management policy: a case study in Sardinia region, Italy

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Paletto ◽  
Isabella De Meo ◽  
Fabrizio Ferretti
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Local Development ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Private Forests ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Common

Abstract The property rights and the type of ownership (private owners, public domain and commons) are two fundamental concepts in relationship to the local development and to the social and environmental sustainability. Common forests were established in Europe since the Middle Ages, but over the centuries the importance of commons changed in parallel with economic and social changes. In recent decades, the scientific debate focused on the forest management efficiency and sustainability of this type of ownership in comparison to the public and private property. In Italy common forests have a long tradition with substantial differences in the result of historical evolution in various regions. In Sardinia region the private forests are 377.297 ha, the public forests are 201.324 ha, while around 120.000 ha are commons. The respect of the common rights changed in the different historical periods. Today, the common lands are managed directly by municipalities or indirectly through third parties, in both cases the involvement of members of community is very low. The main objective of the paper is to analyse forest management differences in public institutions with and without common property rights. To achieve the objective of the research the forest management preferences of community members and managers were evaluated and compared. The analysis was realized through the use of the principal-agent model and it has been tested in a case study in Sardinia region (Arci-Grighine district). The analysis of the results showed that the categories of actors considered (members of community, municipalities and managers) have a marked productive profile, but municipalities manage forests perceiving a moderate multifunctionality. Moreover, the representatives of the municipalities pay more attention to the interests of the collectivity in comparison to the external managers. They also attribute high importance to environmental and social forest functions.

Аmbiguous Temporality of Utopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Svetlana Neretina
Keyword(s):  
Private Property ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Thomas More ◽  
Creative Task ◽  
The Public ◽  
Theoretical Position ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Ideal

The article rejects the reading of Thomas More's Utopia as, first, a statement of More's own views on the ideal state and, accordingly, his definition not only as a humanist, but as a communist, and, secondly, an attempt is made to present the humanistic foundations of his ideas and ways of expressing them. These ways of expression are connected with the tropological way of his thinking, expressed through satire and irony, with an eye to ancient examples, which was characteristic of the philosophy, poetics and politics of humanism, one of the tasks of which was to try to build a new society (especially relevant in the period of geographical discoveries), architecture, an unprecedented ratio of natural objects (archimboldeski). The models for "Utopia" were the works of Plato, Lucian, and Cicero. It is written in the spirit of the times, with criticism of state structures, private property, the distinction between the private and the public, and openness to all ideas. Intellectual disorientation of readers is a specific creative task of More writer, his test of their ability to quickly change the optics, to consider history as an alternative world, radically different from our own, but connected with it. Thanks to an extremely pronounced intellectual tension, it goes beyond the limits of time, like the works of Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Marx... Utopia can be represented as a dystopia, if we take into account the performative nature of the latter, which contributes to the instantaneous translation of words into action, realizing the world of utopia. Dystopia is the answer to utopia with a change of sign: about the same thing, changing the optics, you can say "yes" and "no". This means that in the modern world, indeed, and for a long time, virtual consciousness becomes little different from the real one, and imagination replaces the theoretical position, acquiring its form, turning theory into fiction. A hypothesis is put forward about the presence of many utopian countries in" Utopia": Achorians, Polylerites, Macarians, Anemolians.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document