The Snake and the Mongoose

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan McGovern
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
First Millennium ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Indian Religion

This book turns the commonly accepted model of the origins of the early Indian religions on its head. Since the beginning of modern Indology in the 19th century, the relationship between the major early Indian religions of Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism has been based on an assumed dichotomy between two metahistorical identities: “the Brahmans” and the newer “non-Brahmanical” śramaṇa movements. Textbook and scholarly accounts typically purport an “opposition” between these two groups by citing the 2nd century BCE Sanskrit grammarian Patañjali, often stating erroneously that he compared their animosity for one another to that of the snake and the mongoose. This book seeks to de-center the Hindu Brahman from our understanding of Indian religion by “taming the snake and the mongoose”—that is, abandoning the anachronistic distinction between “Brahmanical” and “non-Brahmanical” and letting the earliest articulations of identity in Indian religion speak for themselves on their own terms. It accomplishes this goal through a comparative reading of texts preserved by the three major groups that emerged from the social, political, cultural, and religious foment of the late first millennium BCE: the Buddhists and Jains as they represented themselves in their earliest sūtras, and the Vedic Brahmans as they represented themselves in their Dharma Sūtras. The picture that emerges is not of a fundamental dichotomy between Brahmanical and non-Brahmanical, but rather of many different groups who all saw themselves as Brahmanical, and out of whose contestation with one another the distinction between Brahmanical and non-Brahmanical the snake and the mongoose emerged.

scholarly journals “The Impersonal You”: Mass Print and Other Communication Technologies in the Virtual Friendship of Harriet Beecher Stowe and George Eliot

Humanities ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Olga Kuminova
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
George Eliot ◽  
Harriet Beecher Stowe ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Literary Community ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between Harriet Beecher Stowe and George Eliot, widely recognized as one of the most significant literary friendships in the 19th century, yet rarely focused on in scholarship beyond mutual literary influence, took place entirely through the communicative media available then: mass print, the Victorian post, and the social network of parlor literature and transatlantic literary community. The article analyzes the beginning of the correspondence, both similar to and different from fan mail exchange, with extensive quotes from Stowe’s unpublished second letter, to demonstrate an innovative theoretical point that novels can function as part of a communicative continuum between a writer and an individual reader, becoming instruments of what may be seen as a proto-virtual relationship.

scholarly journals SOCIOCULTURAL FEATURES OF FEMALE DEVIANT BEHAVIOR IN RUSSIA IN THE LATE XIX - EARLY XX CENTURIES: CRIME AND ALCOHOLISM

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-18
Author(s):  
Глеб Владимирович Карандашев
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Factory Workers ◽  
Capitalist Development ◽  
Female Crime ◽  
Political Status ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Status Of Women

В статье рассматриваются различные формы женского отклоняющегося поведения в конце XIX - начале XX в. Автор уделяет особое внимание изучению взаимосвязи женской преступности и алкоголизации. Подчёркивается, что уровень женской преступности и её динамика были связаны с социально-экономическим и политическим положением женщины в социуме. С конца XIX в., по мере сближения условий жизни полов в условиях развивавшихся процессов капиталистического развития, женская преступность приближалась к мужской, фабричные работницы стали новым обширным классом потребителей алкоголя стали. Делается вывод, что наиболее болезненно последствия женского пьянства проявлялись на низших ступенях социальной лестницы, а преступность, проституция, психические и венерические заболевания зачастую сопутствовали этому явлению. The article examines various forms of female deviant behavior in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. The author pays special attention to the study of the relationship between female crime and alcoholism. It is emphasized that the level of female crime and its dynamics were associated with the socioeconomic and political status of women in society. From the end of the 19th century, as the living conditions of the sexes approached in the conditions of the developing processes of capitalist development, female crime approached male, factory workers became a new vast class of alcohol consumers. The author concludes that the most painful consequences of female drunkenness were manifested at the lower rungs of the social ladder, and crime, prostitution, mental and venereal diseases often accompanied this phenomenon.

scholarly journals The relationship between mothers’ and their daughters’ family size emerged in the United States during the 19th century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Pink ◽  
Tobias Ebert ◽  
Jana Berkessel ◽  
Thorsteinn Jónsson
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Social ◽  
Intergenerational Continuity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Considerable Doubt

For more than a century, a key question of the social sciences has been whether daughters’ family sizes relate to their mothers’ family sizes. Contemporary evidence confirms that, in developed countries, women from larger families indeed tend to have more children themselves. There is considerable doubt, however, whether intergenerational continuity in childbearing constitutes a universal feature of human societies. Based on a large-scale web-harvested collection of online memorials, we show that intergenerational continuity in childbearing in the U.S. emerged only in the first half of the 19th century, paralleling the country’s marked fertility decline. Furthermore, we show that statewide differences in intergenerational continuity in childbearing coincide with statewide differences in abortion laws. This suggests that control over individual fertility was a major driver of the emergence of intergenerational continuity in childbearing. This finding suggests that, although intergenerational continuity in childbearing has appeared only relatively recently in the history of humankind, it will eventually become relevant worldwide.

scholarly journals The Sublime as a Response to Terror: A Study of Empiricism and Transcendence in Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer’s “El monte de las ánimas”

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan DeVirgilis
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Empirical Approach ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Sublime ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

This paper studies the relationship between 18th century Enlightenment philosophy and 19th century Romantic expression by relating the Burkean and Kantian conceptualizations of the sublime to Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer’s leyenda, “El monte de las ánimas.” Although Burke opts for an empirical approach while Kant takes a transcendental approach, both theories highlight the contradictory philosophical platform of the Enlightenment: individual>society. The shift in focus from the social to the individual is evidenced in 19th century literary production through Bécquer’s treatment of the relationship between the subject and the empirical and metaphysical worlds. In this paper, this relationship is studied through the representations of objects and sounds that are all used to inspire one sensation: terror. These representations convey the menacing aspects of nature, break the boundaries of time and space, and juxtapose reality and unreality. In this way, the analysis suggests that the narrative and descriptive techniques used to represent the terror experienced by the characters aim to inspire a similar effect on the reader, while also indicating that the philosophy of the Enlightenment provides the theoretical underpinnings for Romantic expression in the 19th century.

Arenal, Concepción

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maribel Martín-Estalayo ◽  
Aurora Castillo ◽  
María José Barahona ◽  
Begoña Leyra
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Social Work ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Social Intervention ◽  
Social Question ◽  
The Social ◽  
Integral Development ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

This article studies the influence of Concepción Arenal (1820–1893) on the foundations of social work in Spain. With her, one can learn about the most important ideas of the 19th-century liberal school of thought, which, in its enlightened and reforming aspect, had a great impact on the consideration of human dignity, poverty, the relationship between intervener and intervened—as well as the role and responsibility of the state, civil society, and charity in social intervention. Her pragmatic perspective stands out among those authors who contributed with elements of analysis to theorizing the social question in Spain. Her singularity is defined by the centrality of the human being and the integral development of one’s abilities in a society where the necessary means can be found. Additionally, she is both a national and international inspiration thanks to her contribution to women’s rights and the reform of the penal code.

Besondere Affinitäten

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selina Monjau
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Gustave Flaubert ◽  
Social Discourse ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ian Mcewan ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Interspecies intercourse between humans and simians has been the subject of numerous texts by various authors of Western literature since the 19th century. From Gustave Flaubert to Ian McEwan to Peter Høeg – analyzing nine texts overall, the author addresses an extraordinary and thus far mostly disregarded motif's cultural and literary historical backgrounds. In the process, she does not only examine the relationship between humans and simians and the way it changed over time, but also elaborates on the topical relevance for Animal, Gender, Queer and Women's Studies, as well as for the social discourse with regard to race and ethnicity.

scholarly journals PARADOKSALITAS PEMOSISIAN PEREMPUAN NOVEL COLOMBA KARYA PROSPER MERIMEE

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wening Udasmoro
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Prosper Merimee ◽  
Representation Of Women ◽  
Madame Bovary ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

Women have been narrated by men authors since classical literature; this has continued into contemporaryliterature. In the 19th century, many authors were interested in narrating and positioning women intheir novels. This period can be considered one of transition, in which traditionality and modernity werecontested because of influences from the industrial revolution and many other social movements inEurope. This period was also one of challenge, with the appearance of Gustave Flaubert’s novel MadameBovary, which was questioned because of moralistic issues. If in the early 19th century traditionalitywas represented by Eugénie Grandet and Balzac’s figures of woman, but in the middle of the centuryFlaubert dealt with freedom of sexuality, what discourses were presented in between these two differentperiods? This article aims at explaining the bridging of the gap between the symbols of traditionalityand modernity, especially through the representation of women. Mérimée’s novel, Colomba, depicts theagency of a woman named Colomba. In this novel, Mérimée not only showed the position of women visà vis men in parental or conjugal relation, like in the novels Eugénie Grandet or Madame Bovary. Rather,the author attempted to look at the relationship between masculinities and femininities in a Corsicancontext, in which the intersection of gender and social class (as well as traditions) was different than inthe Parisian context. The relation between the novel and the social structure in the 19th century Europeplays an important part in the discussion and explanation of the relationship between the literature andsocial narration of that period

The Germans and their Jewish Neighbors on the Ukrainian Areas at the Second Half of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
D. Meshkov
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
South West ◽  
Multiethnic Population ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

The article presents some of the author’s research results that has got while elaboration of the theme “Everyday life in the mirror of conflicts: Germans and their neighbors on the Southern and South-West periphery of the Russian Empire 1861–1914”. The relationship between Germans and Jews is studied in the context of the growing confrontation in Southern cities that resulted in a wave of pogroms. Sources are information provided by the police and court archival funds. The German colonists Ludwig Koenig and Alexandra Kirchner (the resident of Odessa) were involved into Odessa pogrom (1871), in particular. While Koenig with other rioters was arrested by the police, Kirchner led a crowd of rioters to the shop of her Jewish neighbor, whom she had a conflict with. The second part of the article is devoted to the analyses of unty-Jewish violence causes and history in Ak-Kerman at the second half of the 19th and early years of 20th centuries. Akkerman was one of the southern Bessarabia cities, where multiethnic population, including the Jews, grew rapidly. It was one of the reasons of the pogroms in 1865 and 1905. The author uses criminal cases` papers to analyze the reasons of the Germans participation in the civilian squads that had been organized to protect the population and their property in Ackerman and Shabo in 1905.

Byelorussian Nationalism and Western Russianism: the Problem of Confrontation

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 161-168
Author(s):  
Alexander D. Gronsky
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
The Government ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship

The article examines the relationship between Western Russianism (Zapadnorusizm) and Byelorussian nationalism. Byelorussian nationalism is much younger than Western Russianism, finally shaping only in the end of the 19th century. Before 1917 revolution Byelorussian nationalism could not compete with Western Russianism. The national policy of the Bolsheviks contributed to the decline of Western Russianism and helped Byelorussian nationalism to gain stronger positions. However, Byelorussian nationalists actively cooperated with the occupation authorities during the Great Patriotic war. That caused distinctly negative attitude of Byelorussians towards the movement and collaborators. Currently, Byelorussian nationalism is supported both by the opposition and by the government. Western Russianism has no political representation, but is supported by the majority of Byelorussian population.

Theoretical and methodological determinants of the Robert von Mol’s concept of the social state

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
Svetlana Pirozhok
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
The State ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Social State ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Legal Thought ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 19Th Century

The relevance of determining the theoretical and methodological determinants of the Robert von Moll’s concept of the social state is due to the need to determine the patterns of evolution of ideas about the state and law, as well as the need to assess the ability to use the potential of the Robert von Moll’s theoretical and legal heritage, his predecessors and contemporaries to identify the optimal model of the social state. Modern Russia attempts to build such state. The proclamation and consolidation of Russia as a social state governed by the rule of law at the constitutional level requires attention both to the experiments carried out in social and legal development, and to the practices of social reform, and also to those ideas that have not yet been embodied. The ideas of European scholars regarding the evolution of the state-legal organization of society in the early modern period, based on which Robert von Mohl (1799–1875) developed original concepts of a social state and a state governed by the rule of law are discussed in the article. An analysis of the state of European political and legal thought and identification of the factors that have a significant impact on the development of Robert von Mohl’s doctrine of a social state governed by the rule of law are the purposes of the scientific article. The methodological basis of the study was the dialectical-materialistic, general scientific (historical, systemic) and special (historical-legal, comparativelegal) methods of legal research. The method of reconstruction and interpretation of legal ideas had great importance. As a result of the study, it was concluded that in the first half of the 19th century in European political and legal thought various approaches was formed to consider the problems of social protection and how to resolve them. The development trend of European political science became the transition from ideas and principles formed in the conditions of police states and enlightened absolutism to the ideas of a state governed by the rule of law (constitutional) that protects the rights and freedoms of a citizen. At the same time, it was a question of the rights and freedoms of only a part of the population: the proletariat growing in number and significance was not always evaluated as an independent social stratum. The axiological principles of state justification have also changed. Rights and utility principle became dominant principles. In the first half of the 19th century the social issue as an independent scientific problem of the European political and legal thought was not posed and not systematically developed. Questions about the social essence of the state, the specifics of the implementation of the state social function, the features of public administration in the new stage of socio-economic development of society predetermined the emergence of the idea of a social state. This idea was comprehensively characterized in the Robert von Mohl’s works. He went down in the history of political and legal thought as founder of the concepts of social and governed by the rule of law state.

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