SOCIOCULTURAL FEATURES OF FEMALE DEVIANT BEHAVIOR IN RUSSIA IN THE LATE XIX - EARLY XX CENTURIES: CRIME AND ALCOHOLISM

В статье рассматриваются различные формы женского отклоняющегося поведения в конце XIX - начале XX в. Автор уделяет особое внимание изучению взаимосвязи женской преступности и алкоголизации. Подчёркивается, что уровень женской преступности и её динамика были связаны с социально-экономическим и политическим положением женщины в социуме. С конца XIX в., по мере сближения условий жизни полов в условиях развивавшихся процессов капиталистического развития, женская преступность приближалась к мужской, фабричные работницы стали новым обширным классом потребителей алкоголя стали. Делается вывод, что наиболее болезненно последствия женского пьянства проявлялись на низших ступенях социальной лестницы, а преступность, проституция, психические и венерические заболевания зачастую сопутствовали этому явлению. The article examines various forms of female deviant behavior in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. The author pays special attention to the study of the relationship between female crime and alcoholism. It is emphasized that the level of female crime and its dynamics were associated with the socioeconomic and political status of women in society. From the end of the 19th century, as the living conditions of the sexes approached in the conditions of the developing processes of capitalist development, female crime approached male, factory workers became a new vast class of alcohol consumers. The author concludes that the most painful consequences of female drunkenness were manifested at the lower rungs of the social ladder, and crime, prostitution, mental and venereal diseases often accompanied this phenomenon.

Falling birth rate in the capitalist countries of Western Europe

Kazan medical journal ◽

10.17816/kazmj50586 ◽

1935 ◽

Vol 31 (3-4) ◽

pp. 520-523

Author(s):

F. G. Mukhamedyarov

Keyword(s):

Working Class ◽

Social Status ◽

19Th Century ◽

Birth Rate ◽

Western Europe ◽

Sharp Decline ◽

The Social ◽

Maternal Function ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

The beginning of a sharp decline in the birth rate in Europe dates back to the last quarter of the 19th century, the period of the heyday of capitalism, when the exploitation of the working class takes on the most refined forms, the contradiction between the social status of women and her maternal function appears sharper and brighter.

The Snake and the Mongoose

10.1093/oso/9780190640798.001.0001 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Nathan McGovern

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

The Social ◽

First Millennium ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

The Relationship ◽

Indian Religion

This book turns the commonly accepted model of the origins of the early Indian religions on its head. Since the beginning of modern Indology in the 19th century, the relationship between the major early Indian religions of Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism has been based on an assumed dichotomy between two metahistorical identities: “the Brahmans” and the newer “non-Brahmanical” śramaṇa movements. Textbook and scholarly accounts typically purport an “opposition” between these two groups by citing the 2nd century BCE Sanskrit grammarian Patañjali, often stating erroneously that he compared their animosity for one another to that of the snake and the mongoose. This book seeks to de-center the Hindu Brahman from our understanding of Indian religion by “taming the snake and the mongoose”—that is, abandoning the anachronistic distinction between “Brahmanical” and “non-Brahmanical” and letting the earliest articulations of identity in Indian religion speak for themselves on their own terms. It accomplishes this goal through a comparative reading of texts preserved by the three major groups that emerged from the social, political, cultural, and religious foment of the late first millennium BCE: the Buddhists and Jains as they represented themselves in their earliest sūtras, and the Vedic Brahmans as they represented themselves in their Dharma Sūtras. The picture that emerges is not of a fundamental dichotomy between Brahmanical and non-Brahmanical, but rather of many different groups who all saw themselves as Brahmanical, and out of whose contestation with one another the distinction between Brahmanical and non-Brahmanical the snake and the mongoose emerged.

“The Impersonal You”: Mass Print and Other Communication Technologies in the Virtual Friendship of Harriet Beecher Stowe and George Eliot

Humanities ◽

10.3390/h9020037 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 37

Author(s):

Olga Kuminova

Keyword(s):

Social Network ◽

19Th Century ◽

George Eliot ◽

Harriet Beecher Stowe ◽

Communication Technologies ◽

Theoretical Point ◽

Literary Community ◽

The Social ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

The relationship between Harriet Beecher Stowe and George Eliot, widely recognized as one of the most significant literary friendships in the 19th century, yet rarely focused on in scholarship beyond mutual literary influence, took place entirely through the communicative media available then: mass print, the Victorian post, and the social network of parlor literature and transatlantic literary community. The article analyzes the beginning of the correspondence, both similar to and different from fan mail exchange, with extensive quotes from Stowe’s unpublished second letter, to demonstrate an innovative theoretical point that novels can function as part of a communicative continuum between a writer and an individual reader, becoming instruments of what may be seen as a proto-virtual relationship.

The relationship between mothers’ and their daughters’ family size emerged in the United States during the 19th century

10.31235/osf.io/n3dyw ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sebastian Pink ◽

Tobias Ebert ◽

Jana Berkessel ◽

Thorsteinn Jónsson

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Large Scale ◽

Developed Countries ◽

The United States ◽

The Social ◽

Intergenerational Continuity ◽

History Of ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

The Relationship ◽

Considerable Doubt

For more than a century, a key question of the social sciences has been whether daughters’ family sizes relate to their mothers’ family sizes. Contemporary evidence confirms that, in developed countries, women from larger families indeed tend to have more children themselves. There is considerable doubt, however, whether intergenerational continuity in childbearing constitutes a universal feature of human societies. Based on a large-scale web-harvested collection of online memorials, we show that intergenerational continuity in childbearing in the U.S. emerged only in the first half of the 19th century, paralleling the country’s marked fertility decline. Furthermore, we show that statewide differences in intergenerational continuity in childbearing coincide with statewide differences in abortion laws. This suggests that control over individual fertility was a major driver of the emergence of intergenerational continuity in childbearing. This finding suggests that, although intergenerational continuity in childbearing has appeared only relatively recently in the history of humankind, it will eventually become relevant worldwide.

Women's issue in the prose of the 19th century in the context of the educational process

Revista Tempos e Espaços em Educação ◽

10.20952/revtee.v14i33.16402 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (33) ◽

pp. e16402

Author(s):

Inna Lipnytska ◽

Iryna Savchenko ◽

Inna Halak ◽

Iryna Hryhorenko ◽

Tetiana Bykova

Keyword(s):

Social Status ◽

Literary Criticism ◽

19Th Century ◽

Educational Process ◽

European Countries ◽

The Social ◽

The Subject ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

The purpose of the article is to study the sources and pedagogical interpretation of the "women's question". The subject of the research is the “women's question” and its artistic realization in the novels of Marko Vovchok. The analysis of the problem was carried out by integrating the traditional methods of Russian comparative historical literary criticism with new approaches to world literary criticism - gender, sociocultural, postcolonial, and feminist. As a result of the study, we came to the conclusion that the pedagogical views on the "women's issue" in the writer were formed and developed under the influence of communication with the Ukrainian and European intelligentsia of the 19th century. The progressive part of the intelligentsia of the second half of the XIX - early XX century advocated a change in the social status of women. Representatives of public and pedagogical opinion believed that a woman can not only be a mother, wife, housewife, she is capable of self-realization in other areas of society, for which she needs a decent education. The journalistic work on this problem of women with a possible comparative characterization of the regions of some European countries, which in the period under study were part of the Austro-Hungarian empires, deserves further study

The Sublime as a Response to Terror: A Study of Empiricism and Transcendence in Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer’s “El monte de las ánimas”

Entrehojas: Revista de Estudios Hispánicos ◽

10.5206/entrehojas.v2i1.6126 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Megan DeVirgilis

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

18Th Century ◽

Empirical Approach ◽

The Enlightenment ◽

The Sublime ◽

The Social ◽

The Subject ◽

The Individual ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

This paper studies the relationship between 18th century Enlightenment philosophy and 19th century Romantic expression by relating the Burkean and Kantian conceptualizations of the sublime to Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer’s leyenda, “El monte de las ánimas.” Although Burke opts for an empirical approach while Kant takes a transcendental approach, both theories highlight the contradictory philosophical platform of the Enlightenment: individual>society. The shift in focus from the social to the individual is evidenced in 19th century literary production through Bécquer’s treatment of the relationship between the subject and the empirical and metaphysical worlds. In this paper, this relationship is studied through the representations of objects and sounds that are all used to inspire one sensation: terror. These representations convey the menacing aspects of nature, break the boundaries of time and space, and juxtapose reality and unreality. In this way, the analysis suggests that the narrative and descriptive techniques used to represent the terror experienced by the characters aim to inspire a similar effect on the reader, while also indicating that the philosophy of the Enlightenment provides the theoretical underpinnings for Romantic expression in the 19th century.

Arenal, Concepción

10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.1529 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maribel Martín-Estalayo ◽

Aurora Castillo ◽

María José Barahona ◽

Begoña Leyra

Keyword(s):

Civil Society ◽

Social Work ◽

19Th Century ◽

Human Dignity ◽

Social Intervention ◽

Social Question ◽

The Social ◽

Integral Development ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

This article studies the influence of Concepción Arenal (1820–1893) on the foundations of social work in Spain. With her, one can learn about the most important ideas of the 19th-century liberal school of thought, which, in its enlightened and reforming aspect, had a great impact on the consideration of human dignity, poverty, the relationship between intervener and intervened—as well as the role and responsibility of the state, civil society, and charity in social intervention. Her pragmatic perspective stands out among those authors who contributed with elements of analysis to theorizing the social question in Spain. Her singularity is defined by the centrality of the human being and the integral development of one’s abilities in a society where the necessary means can be found. Additionally, she is both a national and international inspiration thanks to her contribution to women’s rights and the reform of the penal code.

Besondere Affinitäten

10.5771/9783828877726 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Selina Monjau

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Race And Ethnicity ◽

Gustave Flaubert ◽

Social Discourse ◽

The Social ◽

The Subject ◽

Ian Mcewan ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

The Relationship ◽

Over Time

Interspecies intercourse between humans and simians has been the subject of numerous texts by various authors of Western literature since the 19th century. From Gustave Flaubert to Ian McEwan to Peter Høeg – analyzing nine texts overall, the author addresses an extraordinary and thus far mostly disregarded motif's cultural and literary historical backgrounds. In the process, she does not only examine the relationship between humans and simians and the way it changed over time, but also elaborates on the topical relevance for Animal, Gender, Queer and Women's Studies, as well as for the social discourse with regard to race and ethnicity.

Political and Social Status of Women in Pre and Post Independent India

Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities ◽

10.34293/sijash.v8i2.3289 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 77-82

Author(s):

T Sudalai Moni

Keyword(s):

Social Status ◽

Fundamental Rights ◽

Political Life ◽

Civil Marriage ◽

Political Status ◽

The Social ◽

The Status ◽

Freedom Movement ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Women’s involvement in socio-political life is a desideratum for the progress of not only the women folk but also the development of the nation as a whole. During ancient and medieval times, women from orthodox families actively participated in social activities, but their overall position and status gradually deteriorated. The Modern era meant for women ushered in during the dawn of the 19th century when social reformers paid special attention to enhance the social status of women. For instance, the promulgation of the Widow Remarriage Act, implementation of the Civil Marriage Act 1872 mentions a few of them. Ever since the formation of the Indian National Congress, several remarkable changes took place in the socio-political status.Moreover, women franchise induced their effective participation in the Freedom Movement of India. They were accorded equal political status on par with men only after independence, which has been enshrined and enumerated in the provisions of fundamental rights of the Indian constitution. In the new millennium, there has been constant demand to accord 33 percentages of reservations to enhance the status of women in the political arena as well as to increase their social statues. This paper attempts to indicate the socio-political status of women over the period in the Indian context during the Pre and Post Independent India.

PARADOKSALITAS PEMOSISIAN PEREMPUAN NOVEL COLOMBA KARYA PROSPER MERIMEE

Jurnal Kawistara ◽

10.22146/kawistara.6399 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Wening Udasmoro

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Classical Literature ◽

Early 19Th Century ◽

Prosper Merimee ◽

Representation Of Women ◽

Madame Bovary ◽

The Social ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Women have been narrated by men authors since classical literature; this has continued into contemporaryliterature. In the 19th century, many authors were interested in narrating and positioning women intheir novels. This period can be considered one of transition, in which traditionality and modernity werecontested because of influences from the industrial revolution and many other social movements inEurope. This period was also one of challenge, with the appearance of Gustave Flaubert’s novel MadameBovary, which was questioned because of moralistic issues. If in the early 19th century traditionalitywas represented by Eugénie Grandet and Balzac’s figures of woman, but in the middle of the centuryFlaubert dealt with freedom of sexuality, what discourses were presented in between these two differentperiods? This article aims at explaining the bridging of the gap between the symbols of traditionalityand modernity, especially through the representation of women. Mérimée’s novel, Colomba, depicts theagency of a woman named Colomba. In this novel, Mérimée not only showed the position of women visà vis men in parental or conjugal relation, like in the novels Eugénie Grandet or Madame Bovary. Rather,the author attempted to look at the relationship between masculinities and femininities in a Corsicancontext, in which the intersection of gender and social class (as well as traditions) was different than inthe Parisian context. The relation between the novel and the social structure in the 19th century Europeplays an important part in the discussion and explanation of the relationship between the literature andsocial narration of that period