Localizing the Global

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Economic Change ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
The South ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
South Central ◽  
Political Economic

By the late 19th century, a caravan trade extended from the Indian and Atlantic littorals through the hinterlands of south central Africa. Industrial commodities—guns, cloths, iron, and beads—were exchanged for ivory, slaves, beeswax, and rubber. Along the trade routes and in trading centers, words spread to describe new commodities, new peoples, new trading customs, and new forms of political power. These Wanderwörter originated in the languages of the coastal traders, in particular in Portuguese and Kiswahili. When the diverse vernaculars of the south central African interior were transcribed by colonial-era missionaries into “tribal” languages, such wandering words were incorporated into these languages, often disguised by distinctive orthographies. Other words were left out of dictionaries and political vocabularies, replaced by supposedly more authentic and archaic words. Examining these wandering words provides a window into linguistic dynamism and political-economic change prior to European conquest.

What is Heterodox About Alevism? The Development of Anti-Alevi Discrimination and Resentment

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janina Karolewski
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Aggressive Response ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Power Struggle ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Academic Field

AbstractThis article examines how the widespread denomination of the Alevi tradition as “heterodox Islam” was introduced in the academic field in the late 19th century. This denomination reflects the differentiation between Alevis and Sunnis, which originally did not base on religious differences but on the socio-political power struggle between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavids/Kızılbaş. First, the historical development of this conflict and the spread of anti-Safavid/Kızılbaş propaganda in the 16th century will be highlighted. Second, it will be illustrated how the Kızılbaş were 'rediscovered' by Westerners in the late 19th century. Then, the development of anti-Alevi discrimination and resentment in the 20th century will be described. Finally, Turkey's official line in regard to the Alevis' religious status and the Alevis' aggressive response to this will be shown.

scholarly journals Schoenoplectus × flevensis (S. lacustris × S. tabernaemontani, Cyperaceae) in Britain

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Lansdown ◽  
Fred Rumsey
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Molecular Tools ◽  
The South ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Schoenoplectus Lacustris

Intermediates between Schoenoplectus lacustris and S. tabernaemontani have been recognised at least since the late 19th century and for much of that time, there has been speculation that such intermediates may involve hybridisation. In 2017 the hybrid status of a population growing in the South-Forty-foot Drain in Lincolnshire was confirmed using molecular tools. This article presents information on the hybrid, both from the Lincolnshire population and from the literature, as well as providing an indication of how hybrid populations might be recognised. The binomial Schoenoplectus × flevensis (D.Bakker) Lansdown & Rumsey is proposed for the hybrid.

Transcending Postcolonial Frontiers: Re-envisaging the Grand Trunk Road

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 305-326
Author(s):  
Priya Singh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
South Asian ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The South ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Road ◽  
Trunk Road ◽  
History Of ◽  
Symbolic Value

The essay calls for a re-imagining and reshaping of colonial constructs. It concisely encapsulates the history of the Grand Trunk Road (GT Road), from the 16th century when it was referred to as ‘Sadak-e-Azam’ to the late 19th century, when the road was completed under the administration of Lord William Bentinck and was renamed as ‘The Grand Trunk Road’ to contemporary times when it connects multiple cities with National Highways as part of the Golden Quadrilateral project and remains a ‘continuum’ that covers a distance of over 2,500 kilometres. While highlighting its importance in terms of its criticality as a geopolitical/strategic connect, the essay concludes on the note that there is much more to the GT Road than being a mere logistical, infrastructural tool. It serves as a political and cultural connect as well as embodies a way of life and these historic and organic connections require reinforcement. The essay underlines the symbolic value of the GT Road, while it comprises the mainstay of commerce in the subcontinent but, at the same time is significant in terms of rearranging social and political hierarchies, in other words, it constitutes an intrinsic part of the broader narrative of the south Asian space.

Approaches to fractal modeling of development processes of the South Russian frontier zone: new version of the model

2019 ◽  
pp. 137-150
Author(s):  
Dmitry Zhukov ◽  
Valery Kanishchev ◽  
Sergey Lyamin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The South ◽  
Fractal Modeling ◽  
Central Russia ◽  
South Central ◽  
Social Composition ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Frontier Zone ◽  
Frontier Development ◽  
The Individual

We propose new approaches to the fractal modeling of development processes of the South Russian frontier zone. We propose to consider these processes in more partitive periods of time and at the level of individual settlements development that arose on the frontier territory. We introduce materials of statistical and reference publications of the first half of the 19th century. Study of new materials allowed to generate new model indicators: the ratio of agriculture and farming in individual counties; the compliance degree of grain prices in towns of frontier zones to the metropolis prices. In the result we refine the previously formulated provision stating that by the mid 19th century all counties of South-Central Russia became part of the Old-Moscow metropolis. We specify that on 1820 and 1840 time segments isolated counties remained not fully developed in economic and social terms. We outline the first approaches to modeling the development processes of the frontier zone at the settlement level on such criteria as the period of foundation, social composition of the first settlers, places of settlement. Changes in the social composition of the individual settlements population during the frontier development.

A Century of Research in Franco-Provençal and Poitevin

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-407
Author(s):  
Kathryn Klingebiel
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Survey ◽  
The South ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The North ◽  
Historical Grammar ◽  
Theoretical Developments ◽  
Dialect Geography

Summary Within the Gallo-Romance domain, Franco-Provençal and its western correlate Poitevin have been variously labeled ‘independent languages’, ‘dialects of French’, or ‘dialects of oc’. At least one attempt has been made to link these two lateral entities against both the north and the south. A historical survey of these conflicting claims encompasses non-partisan methodologies such as dialect geography and linguistic atlases as well as theoretical developments affecting Romance studies during the last one hundred years. Late 19th century research had not yet resolved antinomies between speech and script or between dialect study and historical grammar. Recent research into time and direction of Romanization, significantly clarifying the bi-(or tri-)partitioning of Gaul, has complemented increasingly sophisticated work in all these fields. Yet frequent overemphasis on segmentation, coupled with a failure to distinguish shared linguistic fate from ‘language’ in its general Romance acception, cannot be allowed to obscure the fact that both FP and Poitevin belong to Gallo-Romance; the successful investigation of either must continue to mesh grammar, lexis, scripta, and geohistory.

The Invention of the ‘Tropical Worker’: Medical Research and the Quest for Central African Labor on the South African Gold Mines, 1903–36

1993 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall M. Packard
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Cultural Construction ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
The South ◽  
Gold Mines ◽  
Political Economic

In 1903 the South African mining industry began recruiting African labor from Central Africa in order to shore up their labor supplies. From the outset, Central African recruitment was problematic, for Central African mine workers died at very high rates. The primary source of Central African mortality was pneumonia. In response to this high mortality the Union government threatened to close down Central African recruitment, a threat which they carried out in 1913. From 1911 to 1933, the mining industry fought to maintain, and then after 1913 to regain access to Central African labor. Of central importance in this struggle were efforts to develop a vaccine against pneumonia. While the mine medical community failed to produce an effective vaccine against pneumonia, the Chamber of Mines successfully employed the promise of a vaccine eventually to regain access to Central African Labor in 1934. The mines achieved this goal by controlling the terrain of discourse on the health of Central African workers, directing attention away from the unhealthy conditions of mine labor and toward the imagined cultural and biological peculiarities of these workers. In doing so the mines constructed a new social category, ‘tropical workers’ or ‘tropicals’. The paper explores the political, economic and intellectual environment within which this cultural construction was created and employed.

Mazurskie Mickiewicziana Gustawa Gizewiusza I Inne / Gustaw Gisevius’s Masurian Mickiewicziana

2012 ◽  
Vol 53 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 547-568
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Chojnowski
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
The South ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
East Prussia

Summary This article examines the reception of Adam Mickiewicz’s texts in the writings of the Mazury region, focusing on the key figure of Gustav Gisevius (1810-1848), a champion of the revival of the Polish language among the Masurian Lutherans in the south of East Prussia. The inclusion of Masurian Mickiewicziana in the curriculum of Lutheran pastors in Königsberg and in late-19th century printed material aimed at the Masurians was not subservient to the idea of highlighting ethnic ties between the Prussian Masurians and the Poles. The use of Mickiewicz’s texts for that purpose was, however, a characteristic feature of the publications sponsored by the Polish political and cultural institutions in East Prussia in the interwar period.

scholarly journals Rudragaṇikās: Courtesans in Śiva’s Temple? Some Hitherto Neglected Sanskrit Sources

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-143
Author(s):  
Dominic Goodall
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The South ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Legal Case ◽  
The Status

Much ink has been spilt on the status and rôles of the Devadāsī in pre- modern times, but some Sanskrit works that contain potentially useful nuggets of information have until now, for various reasons, been neglected. To cite one instance, some scholars have drawn passages about dancers from an edition of what purports to be a Śaiva scripture called the Kāmikāgama. In 1990 however, Hélène Brunner denounced that ‘scripture’, as a late-19th-century forgery concocted for the purpose of winning a legal case, and thereby called into question the value of the text as evidence for much of what it had to say about, for instance, the initiation of dancers in pre-modern times. Meanwhile, hiding, so to speak, in plain view, passages from a rather older Kāmikāgama, one that has been published by the South Indian Archaka Association and that appears to survive in many South Indian manuscripts, actually also contain information about the status of Rudragaṇikās in medieval times. But these seem not to have been examined to date by historians of dance and dancers. The purpose of this paper is to draw into the debate some hitherto unnoticed passages of relevance that are to be found in pre-modern Sanskrit texts.

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