scholarly journals Rudragaṇikās: Courtesans in Śiva’s Temple? Some Hitherto Neglected Sanskrit Sources

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-143
Author(s):  
Dominic Goodall
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The South ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
South Indian ◽  
Legal Case ◽  
The Status

Much ink has been spilt on the status and rôles of the Devadāsī in pre- modern times, but some Sanskrit works that contain potentially useful nuggets of information have until now, for various reasons, been neglected. To cite one instance, some scholars have drawn passages about dancers from an edition of what purports to be a Śaiva scripture called the Kāmikāgama. In 1990 however, Hélène Brunner denounced that ‘scripture’, as a late-19th-century forgery concocted for the purpose of winning a legal case, and thereby called into question the value of the text as evidence for much of what it had to say about, for instance, the initiation of dancers in pre-modern times. Meanwhile, hiding, so to speak, in plain view, passages from a rather older Kāmikāgama, one that has been published by the South Indian Archaka Association and that appears to survive in many South Indian manuscripts, actually also contain information about the status of Rudragaṇikās in medieval times. But these seem not to have been examined to date by historians of dance and dancers. The purpose of this paper is to draw into the debate some hitherto unnoticed passages of relevance that are to be found in pre-modern Sanskrit texts.

scholarly journals Between America and Europe – Communicating in the Light of the Spatial Mobility of Poles. Part 1

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
Wioleta Danilewicz
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
International Mobility ◽  
Spatial Mobility ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Global Mobility ◽  
The World ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
Major Emphasis ◽  
Constant Element

Abstract Emigration from Poland has a rich and complicated history. Also nowadays, international mobility is still a constant element present in the life of Polish society and in worldwide trends. Migrating beyond the borders of a given country has become a feature of contemporary citizens of the world. The new global mobility trends are: globalization, acceleration, diversity and transnationality, feminization (Castles, Miller, 2011). In reference to the issue of the volume, major emphasis was placed on the first of these trends, i.e. globalization. The purpose of this paper is to show how migrants have communicated with members of their families during cumulative dislocations from the late 19th century to modern times. Particular attention was paid to the ways of maintaining contact with family and the country of origin.

scholarly journals Schoenoplectus × flevensis (S. lacustris × S. tabernaemontani, Cyperaceae) in Britain

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Lansdown ◽  
Fred Rumsey
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Molecular Tools ◽  
The South ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Schoenoplectus Lacustris

Intermediates between Schoenoplectus lacustris and S. tabernaemontani have been recognised at least since the late 19th century and for much of that time, there has been speculation that such intermediates may involve hybridisation. In 2017 the hybrid status of a population growing in the South-Forty-foot Drain in Lincolnshire was confirmed using molecular tools. This article presents information on the hybrid, both from the Lincolnshire population and from the literature, as well as providing an indication of how hybrid populations might be recognised. The binomial Schoenoplectus × flevensis (D.Bakker) Lansdown & Rumsey is proposed for the hybrid.

The Indo-Roman Pepper Trade and the Muziris Papyrus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico De Romanis
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
South India ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
South Indian ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Trade ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
Commercial Relationships

This book offers an interpretation of the two fragmentary texts of the P. Vindobonensis G 40822, now widely referred to as the Muziris papyrus. Without these two texts, there would be no knowledge of the Indo-Roman trade practices. The book also compares and contrasts the texts of the Muziris papyrus with other documents pertinent to Indo-Mediterranean (or Indo-European) trade in ancient, medieval, and early modern times. These other documents reveal the commercial and political geography of ancient South India; the sailing schedule and the size of the ships plying the South India sea route; the commodities exchanged in the South Indian emporia; and the taxes imposed on the Indian commodities en route from the Red Sea to the Mediterranean. When viewed against the twin backdrops of ancient sources on South Indian trade and of medieval and early modern documents on pepper commerce, the two texts become foundational resources for the history of commercial relationships between South India and the West.

Localizing the Global

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Economic Change ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
The South ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
South Central ◽  
Political Economic

By the late 19th century, a caravan trade extended from the Indian and Atlantic littorals through the hinterlands of south central Africa. Industrial commodities—guns, cloths, iron, and beads—were exchanged for ivory, slaves, beeswax, and rubber. Along the trade routes and in trading centers, words spread to describe new commodities, new peoples, new trading customs, and new forms of political power. These Wanderwörter originated in the languages of the coastal traders, in particular in Portuguese and Kiswahili. When the diverse vernaculars of the south central African interior were transcribed by colonial-era missionaries into “tribal” languages, such wandering words were incorporated into these languages, often disguised by distinctive orthographies. Other words were left out of dictionaries and political vocabularies, replaced by supposedly more authentic and archaic words. Examining these wandering words provides a window into linguistic dynamism and political-economic change prior to European conquest.

Transcending Postcolonial Frontiers: Re-envisaging the Grand Trunk Road

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 305-326
Author(s):  
Priya Singh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
South Asian ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The South ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The Road ◽  
Trunk Road ◽  
History Of ◽  
Symbolic Value

The essay calls for a re-imagining and reshaping of colonial constructs. It concisely encapsulates the history of the Grand Trunk Road (GT Road), from the 16th century when it was referred to as ‘Sadak-e-Azam’ to the late 19th century, when the road was completed under the administration of Lord William Bentinck and was renamed as ‘The Grand Trunk Road’ to contemporary times when it connects multiple cities with National Highways as part of the Golden Quadrilateral project and remains a ‘continuum’ that covers a distance of over 2,500 kilometres. While highlighting its importance in terms of its criticality as a geopolitical/strategic connect, the essay concludes on the note that there is much more to the GT Road than being a mere logistical, infrastructural tool. It serves as a political and cultural connect as well as embodies a way of life and these historic and organic connections require reinforcement. The essay underlines the symbolic value of the GT Road, while it comprises the mainstay of commerce in the subcontinent but, at the same time is significant in terms of rearranging social and political hierarchies, in other words, it constitutes an intrinsic part of the broader narrative of the south Asian space.

A Century of Research in Franco-Provençal and Poitevin

1985 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-407
Author(s):  
Kathryn Klingebiel
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Survey ◽  
The South ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The North ◽  
Historical Grammar ◽  
Theoretical Developments ◽  
Dialect Geography

Summary Within the Gallo-Romance domain, Franco-Provençal and its western correlate Poitevin have been variously labeled ‘independent languages’, ‘dialects of French’, or ‘dialects of oc’. At least one attempt has been made to link these two lateral entities against both the north and the south. A historical survey of these conflicting claims encompasses non-partisan methodologies such as dialect geography and linguistic atlases as well as theoretical developments affecting Romance studies during the last one hundred years. Late 19th century research had not yet resolved antinomies between speech and script or between dialect study and historical grammar. Recent research into time and direction of Romanization, significantly clarifying the bi-(or tri-)partitioning of Gaul, has complemented increasingly sophisticated work in all these fields. Yet frequent overemphasis on segmentation, coupled with a failure to distinguish shared linguistic fate from ‘language’ in its general Romance acception, cannot be allowed to obscure the fact that both FP and Poitevin belong to Gallo-Romance; the successful investigation of either must continue to mesh grammar, lexis, scripta, and geohistory.

scholarly journals Gender Space of “Oriental Vatican”—Zi-ka-wei，French Jesuits and Evolution of Papal Diplomacy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Mo
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Global Context ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Face ◽  
Gender Space ◽  
Italian Unification ◽  
The Church

In a global context, the story of the Jesuit compound in Shanghai, since its establishment by French Jesuits in 1847, reflected not only conflicts between rival powers in Europe but also the fight for their interests in the Eastern world. The Pope, who was stuck without legal status in the Vatican after 1861, was also seeking the chance to save the authority of the Church in the face of questions regarding the extent of his temporal power and the status of Rome in the context of Italian unification. As in the Reformation, a break-through in the east seemed to offer a solution for losses in Europe. However, the Jesuits to the East in the late 19th century were not only troops working and fighting on behalf of the Pope; their identities under the French Protectorate added complexity to an already complicated story involving not just the Church, but the course of world history.The female Catholic orders at the east bank of Zi-ka-wei compound became a unique window to approach the complexity.

Mazurskie Mickiewicziana Gustawa Gizewiusza I Inne / Gustaw Gisevius’s Masurian Mickiewicziana

2012 ◽  
Vol 53 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 547-568
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Chojnowski
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
The South ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
East Prussia

Summary This article examines the reception of Adam Mickiewicz’s texts in the writings of the Mazury region, focusing on the key figure of Gustav Gisevius (1810-1848), a champion of the revival of the Polish language among the Masurian Lutherans in the south of East Prussia. The inclusion of Masurian Mickiewicziana in the curriculum of Lutheran pastors in Königsberg and in late-19th century printed material aimed at the Masurians was not subservient to the idea of highlighting ethnic ties between the Prussian Masurians and the Poles. The use of Mickiewicz’s texts for that purpose was, however, a characteristic feature of the publications sponsored by the Polish political and cultural institutions in East Prussia in the interwar period.

scholarly journals Climate Characteristics in the South-eastern Kanto Region of Japan Derived from Mid to Late 19th Century Meteorological Records

2018 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masumi ZAIKI ◽  
Takehiko MIKAMI ◽  
Junpei HIRANO ◽  
Michael GROSSMAN ◽  
Hisayuki KUBOTA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The South ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Kanto Region

scholarly journals Introductory survey of the South Estonian language islands

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-31
Author(s):  
Uldis Balodis ◽  
Karl Pajusalu
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Main Body ◽  
The South ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
The Third ◽  
Research History ◽  
Current State ◽  
Island Communities ◽  
Estonian Language

The South Estonian language islands – Leivu, Lutsi, Kraasna – are three historically South Estonian-speaking exclaves located not only beyond the borders of Estonia, but also geographically separated from the main body of South Estonian speakers for at least several centuries. Two of these communities – Leivu and Lutsi – were located in present-day Latvia. The third community – Kraasna – was located near the northernmost Lutsi communities – only about 35 kilometres distant across the present-day Latvian border in Russia. This article acts as an introduction to the studies in this volume by describing the history and current state of the communities at its focus. It gives an overview of the location of the language island communities, their origins, linguistic status, and self-identity as well as provides a survey of their research history dating from its beginnings in the late 19th century to the present. Kokkuvõte. Uldis Balodis, Karl Pajusalu: Sissejuhatav ülevaade lõunaeesti keelesaartest. Lõunaeesti keelesaared – Leivu, Lutsi, Kraasna – on kolm ajaloolist lõunaeestikeelset enklaavi, mis ei jää üksnes väljapoole Eesti piire, vaid mis on olnud Lõuna-Eesti põhialast eraldatud vähemalt mitu sajandit. Kaks nendest keelesaartest – Leivu ja Lutsi – asuvad tänapäeva Lätis. Kolmas keelesaar – Kraasna – paiknes teisel pool Läti piiri Venemaal, jäädes põhjapoolsest Lutsi asualast ainult u 35 kilomeetri kaugusele. Artikkel tutvustab sissejuhatavalt selle erinumbri artiklite teemasid, kirjeldades lõunaeesti keelesaarte ajalugu ja praegust olukorda. Esitatakse ülevaade keelesaarte asendist ja päritolust, keelelisest staatusest, kõnelejate identiteedist ning ka uurimisloost 19. sajandist tänaseni.

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