ИМА ЛИ „ПОМАШКИ ГОВОР“ В БЪЛГАРИЯ? ВТОРА ЧАСТ / IS THERE A POMAK DIALECT IN BULGARIA? SECOND PART

The paper presents a critical look at a study by Emel Balakchi dedicated to the Bulgarian Rhodope dialects and addresses her attempt to regard the Rhodope dialects as Pomak dialects, while ignoring the presence of a native Bulgarian Christian population in the Rhodopes. Numerous examples reveal the author’s lack of scientific competence and objectivity in presenting the characteristic features of the Bulgarian Rhodope dialects. Keywords: Bulgarian dialectology, Rhodope dialects, historical grammar of the Bulgarian language, Pomak dialects, Bulgarian history

Lexis of Stryhantsi village as objekt of lexicographical processing. З/Z. 1.1 (З/Z))

The purpose of the article is to suggest new approaches to the lexicographical processing of the modern speech lexis of residents from the particular village. Dialect of the village Stryhantsi of Tysmenytsya district, Ivano‑Frankivsk region was chosen as an object of the research, it is currently included into the dialect of the South-West Naddnistrianshchyna. The village is situated 30 km from the regional center – the city of Ivano-Frankivsk (driving through Roshniv, Klubivtsi, Tysmenytsia). It is supposed that the village was founded in 1624. The village is marked on the map of the French engineer- map-maker Le Vasseur de Beauplan dated 1650. The source base of the research is long-term records of dialect speech of villagers made by the authors of the article. The article contains the first part of the material starting from ‘З’ (Z) letter. The glossary article provides all the relations that express the combination of different grammatical forms of nouns with the preposition З/Z known to the authors and the maximum quantity of the examples with the quotes from the colloquial dialect speech, especially with meanings which can differ from the meaning of the same lexeme in the standard language. Meanings are separated by the Arabic numerals. Words in the quotes from the colloquial dialect speech provides accent marks and other sound features of the lexeme. Common phrases are also presented in addition to idioms. Each common phrase and idiom provides meaning in the colloquial dialect speech. The article illustrates the lexical and phraseological richness of speech of the inhabitants of the village of Strygantsi, interesting grammatical forms with the specified preposition. The collected authentic factual material becomes a valuable source for the analysis the Ukrainian dialect language. Some of the lexemes present a significant interest for the researchers of the historical grammar of Ukrainian language.

Morphonological Phenomena in the Kalmyk Language of the 18th Century (Exemplified by the Documents of the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia)

The results of the analysis of morphonological phenomena in the words of the Kalmyk language of the 18 th century are presented in the article. The research material is comprised of the official business documents of the Kalmyk khans of the 18 th century and their contemporaries, written in the old Kalmyk language, called Todo bichig "clear letter", which were deposited in the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia (Fund 36, Inventory1). In Kalmyk linguistics, for the first time, information was obtained about the compatibility of morphemes of the Kalmyk language of the 18 th century and about morphonological phenomena caused by the processes of word- and form building. It was found out that at the junction of morphemes such morphonological phenomena as truncation, overlap, augmentation, alternation, interfixation, vowels lengthening often occurred, and within morphemes – the alternation of short and long vowels. It is revealed that the paradigms of root and subordinate morphemes of the 18 th -century Kalmyk language differ from similar paradigms of the modern language. The results obtained are important not only for understanding the historical grammar of the Kalmyk language, but also for the theoretical grammar of the modern Kalmyk language. The perspective of this study is that its results are the starting point for a new direction – the comparative study of morphemics and morphonological phenomena of related Mongolian languages belonging to the agglutinative type of languages. It becomes possible to compare and contrast not just their single identical root and affixal morphemes (the traditional approach), but also their morphemic paradigms, consisting of allomorphs and variants in both diachronic and synchronous aspects.

The functionality of class-numerical indicators in suffixes of adjectives of the Dargin languages

This article examines the class-numerical indicators functioning in the suffixes of adjectives of the Dargin languages that belong to the Nakh-Daghestanian language family. The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that these languages have rich morphological system; however, many grammatical categories are yet to be studied. The goal of this work is to determine the etymology of suffix indicator -ch-b (-v,- p), which forms the adjectives and contains an Aslaut changing class indicator. For achieving the set goal, the article employs comparative-historical analysis and descriptive method; for collecting verbal material of various idioms – the methods of field linguistics. The novelty consists in the fact that this attributivizer is analyzed from the comparative-historical perspective in the Dargin studies for the first time. It is established that the morpheme under review is formed from the short form of the adverb of place chedi (ch-) “upwards”. In  the Dargin languages, it functions in form of the essive comprised by affixing class indicators to the lative form. With evolution of the language, this morpheme has been grammaticalized. The acquired results can be applied in preparing comparative-historical grammar of the Dargin languages, teaching the course of the Dargin literary language, as well as in typological research.

The systems of demonstrative pronouns and derivative adverbs in the Dargin languages

This article is examines the demonstrative pronouns and derivative adverbs in a number of the Dargin languages and dialects. The Dargin languages have a rich deictic system that helps the native speakers to navigate in the severe conditions of mountain terrain, and found its reflection in pronouns and spatial adverbs. Recent changes observed in the traditional way of life of highlanders, along with the migration processes, lead to extinction of this layer of lexicon. The problem of early documentation and research of locative adverbs retains its relevance. The goal of this article lies in comparative analysis of the systems of demonstrative pronouns and spatial adverbs in different Dargin idioms. For achieving the set goal, the article employs descriptive methods and methods of field linguistics. This article is first to conduct the comparative analysis of locative adverbial form, which defines its scientific novelty. As a result, description is given to the deictic systems of pronouns and adverbs in the Akushin, Urakhin, Kajtak, Sanzhin and Itsari idioms. It is established that most Dargin idioms feature two forms of demonstrative pronouns, which differ depending on the visibility or vastness of the object. Various affixes allow forming spatial adverbs that can function in one of the local cases – lative, directive, essive, or elative. The obtained results can be valuable in preparing comparative-historical grammar of the Dargin languages.

Diez, Meyer-Lübke, and Co. The Founding of Romance Linguistics

The study of Romance linguistics was born in the 19th-century German university, and like all linguistics of that era it is historical in nature. With respect to Indo-European and Germanic linguistics, a difference was immediately apparent: Unlike Indo-European and Common Germanic, Latin’s attestation is extensive in duration, as well as rich and varied: Romance linguists can thus make use of reconstruction as well as documentation. Friedrich Diez, author of the first historical grammar and first etymological dictionary on Romance languages, founded Romance linguistics. His studies singlehandedly constructed the foundations of the discipline. His teaching soon spread not only across German-speaking countries, but also into France and Italy. Subsequently, the most significant contributions came from two scholars trained in the Indo-European field: the German linguist Hugo Schuchardt, whose doctoral thesis studied with sharp theoretical awareness the passage from Latin to the Romance languages, and the Italian Graziadio Isaia Ascoli, who showed how the Romance panorama could be extraordinarily enriched by the analysis of nonstandard varieties. The discipline thus developed fully and radiated out. Great issues came to be debated: models of linguistic change (genealogical tree, wave), the possibility of distinguishing dialect groups, the relative weight of phonology, and semantics in lexical reconstruction. New disciplines such as linguistic geography were born, and new instruments like the linguistic atlas were forged. Romance linguistics thus became the avant-garde of general linguistics. Meanwhile, a new synthesis of the discipline had been created by a Swiss scholar, Wilhelm Meyer-Lübke, who published a historical grammar and an etymological dictionary of the Romance languages.

MARKERS OF INFLECTIONAL GRAMMATICAL MEANINGS IN THE KOMI-PERMYAK LANGUAGE OF THE LATE 18TH CENTURY (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF ARCHPRIEST ANTONY POPOV’S HANDWRITTEN DICTIONARIES)

В статье представлен фрагмент лингвистического анализа памятников ранней коми-пермяцкой письменности — рукописей протоиерея Антония Попова (1748–1788), которые датированы 1785 годом и на данный момент известны как первые фундаментальные труды по пермяцкому языкознанию — опыт грамматики и два словаря — алфавитный и тематический. Эти рукописи до сих пор не изданы и исследованы в недостаточной степени. Цель настоящего исследования — выявить и проанализировать показатели словоизменительных грамматических значений в коми-пермяцком языке конца XVIII века на материале словарей А. Попова. В сопоставительном и ареальном аспектах рассматриваются показатели коми-пермяцких словоизменительных грамматических значений следующих категорий: а) число имен, б) падеж, в) лично-притяжательность, г) время. В большинстве своем они идентичны современным грамматическим формам и грамматическим значениям, однако есть и любопытные особенности. Суффикс множественного числа имени существительного представлен в рукописях А. Попова более архаичным вариантом [jɛs] (при современном [ɛz]), который еще во второй половине XX в. фиксировался в различных говорах коми языкового континуума, преимущественно периферийных. В рукописях зафиксирован широкий спектр падежных показателей: вместе с номинативом представлены еще десять падежных форм (из них семь — местные падежи, реализующие пространственную семантику, так называемые внутриместные и внешнеместные падежи). Слово-изменительные показатели со свойственными им значениями «спрятаны» в составе наречий, серийных послелогов и отчасти числительных, а показатель лишительного падежа оформлен отдельной словарной статьей как предлог. Обращает на себя внимание грамматический показатель переходного падежа -ты — в современном коми-пермяцком языке семантика данного падежа реализуется формой -öт. Показатели представленной в работах категории лично-притяжательности сходны с современными семантическими и грамматическими показателями. Данная словоизменительная категория реализуется суффиксами -мъ (возм. -е), -тъ, -съ, -нымъ, -нытъ, -нысъ (при современных -ö ‘мой’, -ыт ‘твой’, -ыс ‘его’, -ным ‘наш’, -ныт ‘ваш’, -ныс ‘их’). Словоизменительные формы глаголов, зафиксированные в рукописях А. Попова, демонстрируют настоящее, будущее, прошедшее очевидное и прошедшее неочевидное времена; показан фрагмент будущего сложного времени. Не удалось обнаружить хотя бы элементы аналитического прошедшего времени. Показатели всех обозначенных времен тождественны соответствующим показателям в современном коми-пермяцком языке. Настоящая статья является не только вкладом в изучение финно-угорского рукописного наследия, но и скромным шагом на пути к разработке исторической грамматики коми-пермяцкого языка. The article presents a fragment of linguistic analysis of monuments of early Komi-Permyak writing — the manuscripts of Archpriest Antony Popov (1748–1788), which are dated 1785 and are currently known as the first fundamental works on Permyak linguistics — grammar sketch and two dictionaries — alphabetical and thematic. These manuscripts have not yet been published and have not been sufficiently studied. The aim of current study is to identify and analyze markers of inflectional grammatical meanings in the Komi-Permyak language of the late 18th century based on the material of the A. Popov’s dictionaries. Markers of Komi-Permyak inflectional grammatical meanings of the following categories are considered in comparative and areal aspects: a) number of nouns and adjectives, b) case, c) personal possessiveness, d) tense. Most of them are identical to modern grammatical forms and grammatical meanings, but there are also interesting features. The plural suffix of the noun is represented in the A. Popov’s manuscripts by a more archaic variant [jɛs] (cf modern [ɛz]). It was recording still in the second half of the 20th century in various dialects of the Komi language continuum, mainly peripheral. The manuscripts contain a wide range of case markers: along with the nominative, there are ten more case forms (seven of them are local cases that implement spatial semantics, the so-called internal and external cases). Inflectional markers with their own meanings are “hidden” within adverbs, serial postpositions and partly numerals. The marker of abessive case is designed as a separate dictionary entry as a preposition. Attention is drawn to the grammatical marker of the prolative case -ты [tɨ] — in the modern Komi-Permyak language, the semantics of this case is realized by the form -öт [ɘt]. Markers of the category of personal possessiveness presented in the manuscripts are similar to modern semantic and grammatical markers. This inflectional category is implemented by the suffixes -мъ [m ] (-е [e]), -тъ [t ], -съ [s ], -нымъ [nɨm ], -нытъ [nɨt ], -нысъ [nɨs ] (cf modern -ö [ɘ] ‘my’, -ыт [ɨt] ‘your (SG)’, -ыс [ɨs] ‘his’, -ным [nɨm] ‘our’, -ныт [nɨt] ‘your (PL)’, -ныс [nɨs] ‘their’). Inflectional forms of verbs recorded in A. Popov’s dictionaries demonstrate present, future, past I and past II tenses. A fragment of compound future tense is shown. It was not possible to detect at least elements of the analytical past tense (perfect). The markers of all these tenses are identical to the corresponding markers in the modern Komi-Permyak language. This article is not only a contribution to the study of the Finno-Ugric manuscript heritage, but also a modest step towards the development of a historical grammar of the Komi-Permyak language.

FORMING OF LINGUISTIC COMPETENCIES IN THE COURSE OF «INTRODUCTION TO SLA VIC PHILOLOGY»

The article deals with the ways offorming of linguistic competencies in the course of «Introduction to Slavic philology». The author formulates the goal of the course: to enhance the special training of future Ukrainian language and literature teachers; prepare them for the linguistic disciplines of historical cycle «Historical grammar» and «History of Ukrainian literary language». Determines the main questions, answers to which promote forming of linguistic competencies, which are important for comprehensive education of a future philologist. What is the origin of Slavs and what territory can be considered their ancestral home? What does Proto- Slavic language represent, when did it exist, did modern Slavic languages retain their most ancient features? When and how did Old Slavic language emerge, what effect did it cause on other Slavic languages and why did it stop its development? Did Slavs have script in pre-Cyrillic age and when and how did Ukrainian script form? What is the relation between two Slavic alphabets - Cyrillic and Glagolitic, and how did Cyrillic script influence the formation of Ukrainian language’s graphic system? What traits must be at the basis of modern classification of Slavic languages? The main goals of the course are: to gain knowledge about ancient history of Slavs and Proto-Slavic language, its general laws and partial processes that left a mark in modern Slavic languages, Ukrainian among them; to determine the origin of Slavic script; gain knowledge about the first written literary language of Slavs - Old Slavic; master Cyrillic graphic, learn to read and interpret ancient Slavic texts; gain knowledge about the modern Slavic nations, as well as traits and classification of modern Slavic languages. The goals of the course determine the structure of its content modules: Module 1. Slavs in ancient times. Module 2. Proto-Slavic language. Module 3. Old Slavic language. Module 4. Origin of Slavic script.Graphic of the ancient Slavic monuments. Module 5. Slavic nations and languages. The course develops the students’ linguistic thinking, teaches them to understand and illustrate the use of language laws, analyze, synthesize and see the cause and effect connections that exist in language.

Las diosas saben crear: Alejandra Pizarnik y Sylvia Plath

Este artículo analiza dos poemarios, Árbol de Diana (1963) de Alejandra Pizarnik y Ariel (1965) de Sylvia Plath, en directa relación con las ideas planteadas por Robert Graves en The White Goddess: A Historical Grammar of Poetical Myth (1948). La lectura aquí planteada nace, por un lado, de la necesidad crítica de crear un espacio de diálogo que revele una estructura mítica común a ambas poetas radicada fuera de lo biográfico. Por otro, de observar cómo en base a esta misma estructura mítica su poesía resignifica el rol de la mujer creadora como idea, símbolo, metáfora, ideal, y finalmente, como mujer de carne y hueso con voz propia.