Latin and medieval French in the motion verb typology

Author(s):  
Judith Huber

Since Latin and medieval French are the contact languages from which the path verbs analysed in chapter 9 are borrowed, this chapter summarizes earlier research on Latin and medieval French in the motion verb typology and offers a case study on motion expression in the prose parts of the Old French Aucassin et Nicolette. It is shown that while medieval French can be called satellite-framing with respect to the structures used to talk about motion, which typically feature satellites (though less often in the form of adverbs than in medieval English), the use of path verbs is considerably higher than of manner verbs, and manner verbs are less frequently combined with satellites than are other motion verbs. This is related to narrative styles typical of medieval French romances and epics.

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 927
Author(s):  
Rebecca Smyder ◽  
Kaitlyn Harrigan

This study explores children’s encoding of novel verbs referring to motion events, and finds influence of both language-specific and universal constraints on meaning. Motion verbs fall into two categories—manner verbs encode how a movement happens (run, swim), and path verbs encode the starting and ending point of a motion (enter, fall). Some languages express path more frequently in the verb (Spanish, Hebrew), and others manner more frequently (English, German). Our study expands on this previous work demonstrating sensitivity to these language-specific distributions, as well as expanding to test environmental factors representing a predictable universal distribution. We find that children are sensitive to both the language-specific factors as well as the universal factors in motion verb acquisition.


Diachronica ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annemarie Verkerk

The last four decades have seen huge progress in the description and analysis of cross-linguistic diversity in the encoding of motion (Talmy 1985, 1991, Slobin 1996, 2004). Comparisons between satellite-framed and verb-framed languages suggest that satellite-framed languages typically have a larger manner of motion verb lexicon (swim, dash), while verb-framed languages typically have a larger path of motion verb lexicon (enter, cross) (Slobin 2004, Verkerk 2013, 2014b). This paper investigates how differences between the motion verb lexicons of satellite-framed and verb-framed languages emerge. Phylogenetic comparative methods adopted from biology and an etymological study are used to investigate manner verb lexicons and path verb lexicons in an Indo-European dataset. I show that manner verbs and path verbs typically have different types of etymological origins and that manner verbs emerge faster in satellite-framed subgroups, while path verbs emerge faster in verb-framed subgroups.


Author(s):  
Judith Huber

Chapter 2 provides an introduction to the motion encoding typology as proposed by Talmy, Slobin, and others (manner- and path-conflating languages, different types of framing and their concomitant characteristics). It argues that this typology is highly compatible with a construction grammar framework, points out the differences, and shows that particularly from the diachronic perspective taken in this study, the constructionist approach has advantages over the originally lexicalist approach of the motion typology. The chapter also provides a discussion of the different categories of motion verbs used in this study (manner verbs, path verbs, neutral motion verbs, and verbs that do not evoke a motion event on their own, but can receive a contextual motion reading).


Virittäjä ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Niva

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan olla menossa-, olla tulossa- ja olla lähdössä-rakenteiden sekä niiden infinitiivillisten varianttien olla menemässä, olla tulemassa ja olla lähtemässä (yhteisesti olla V-ssA) käyttöä vanhassa kirjasuomessa ja varhaisnykysuomessa. Erityisenä huomion kohteena on rakenteiden käyttö ilmaisuissa, jotka saavat futuurisia piirteitä. Artikkelissa osoitetaan, että intentioiden ja ennakoinnin ilmaisufunktiosta on nähtävissä viitteitä jo vanhassa kirjasuomessa (noin vuosina 1540–1810) ja varhaisnykysuomessa (noin vuosina 1810–1880). Keskeisiä tekijöitä intentioiden ja ennakoinnin merkityksen rakentumisessa ovat liike- ja aspektisemantiikka, progressiivisuus sekä tulla-verbin osalta myös näkökulmaisuus ja toisen käden tieto. Odotuksenmukaisesti kontekstilla on merkityksen muodostumisessa tärkeä rooli. Olla V-ssA -rakennetta ja sen käytön kehitystä tarkastellaan artikkelissa konstruktiokieliopin näkökulmasta. Mennä-, tulla- ja lähteä-verbillisillä rakenteilla on sekä niitä yhdistäviä että erottavia piirteitä. Lisäksi verbikohtaiset rakenteet voidaan käyttönsä puolesta jaotella vielä eri tyyppeihin. Tällainen alatyyppi on esimerkiksi tulla-verbillisen olla V-ssA -rakenteen käyttö luonto- ja abstraktisubjektillisissa ilmaisuissa (Talvi on ­tulossa; Onnellisemmat ajat näyttää siellä olevan tulossa). Tärkeä tekijä futuurisuuden merkityksen kehityksessä onkin myös konstruktioiden keskinäinen vuorovaikutus eli ne yhteydet, jotka kielenkäyttäjät hahmottavat rakenteiden välille ja jotka vaikuttavat rakenteiden käyttöön ja tulkintaan.   ‘It seems that happier times are coming’: The progressive construction of motion verbs and its meanings in Old Literary Finnish and Early Modern Finnish The article deals with the usage of the olla V-ssA construction in Old Literary Finnish and Early Modern Finnish. Olla V-ssA consists of olla ‘be’ and either a deverbal noun or an infinitive based on a general motion verb in the inessive case (a local case) -ssA. The general motion verbs in question are mennä ‘go’, tulla ‘come’ and lähteä ‘leave’; the precise forms in question are olla menossa ~ menemässä ‘be going’, olla tulossa ~ tulemassa ‘be coming’ and olla lähdössä ~ lähtemässä ‘be leaving’. The focus is on usage whereby the construction implies a future-time reference. The article shows that the function of the olla V-ssA construction of expressing intention and prediction can be traced back to Old Literary Finnish (ca. 1540–1810) and Early Modern Finnish (ca. 1810–1880). The semantics of motion, aspectual features and progressivity are central factors in implying the future. In the case of the verb tulla ‘come’, the viewpoint and second-hand information also contribute to the construction of this implication. In addition, context plays an important role in constructing the meaning, as is to be expected. The olla V-ssA construction and the development of its usage are examined within the Construction Grammar framework. The constructions olla menossa ~ menemässä, olla tulossa ~ tulemassa and olla lähdössä ~ lähtemässä contain both common and individual features. In addition to this, these constructions can be divided into more specific types of usage, one being olla tulossa ~ tulemassa ‘be coming’, which occurs with a subject bearing an abstract or nature-related reference (e.g. Talvi on tulossa ‘Winter is coming’; Onnellisemmat ajat näyttää siellä olevan tulossa ‘It seems that happier times are coming’). The interaction of these constructions, i.e., the connections that language users perceive between the constructions, and the impact this has on the usage and interpretation of the constructions, seem to be key factors in the development of the future-time reference of the olla V-ssA construction.    


Author(s):  
Yo Matsumoto

Japanese is a language rich in verbs representing Path of motion, but it also has verbs representing Manner and Deixis. Examining how they are used can deepen our understanding of some of the interesting properties of the Japanese language. In typological literature on motion events descriptions, Japanese has been claimed to be the type of language in which Path is expressed in the main verb position rather than elsewhere in the sentence, with the use of a path verb. However, this view must be qualified in two ways. First, the language exhibits intralinguistic variation, using postpositions and other nonverbal elements to represent Path notions such as FROM, TO, and ALONG. Second, Path is expressed in the main verb position only when Deixis is absent from the sentence. One feature of manner verbs in Japanese is that they are not used very often, especially concerning walking events. This phenomenon is accounted for by the “cost” of expressing Manner in Japanese. Another property of manner verbs in Japanese is they are incompatible with a goal phrase, which has been previously accounted for in different ways. A close semantic examination of manner verbs suggests that this restriction can be attributed to the nature of goal marking, rather than the semantics of manner verbs. An examination of corpus and experimental data also reveals how Japanese speakers use deictic verbs. Deictic motion verbs are used very frequently, though this tendency is not observed in descriptions of the motion of inanimate entities. Finally, deictic verbs in Japanese are sensitive to the notion of the speaker’s interactional space or territory, not just restricted by the spatial location of the speaker.


2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
INNA K. TOLSKAYA

At first glance, the variety of possible denotations of a given prefix in Russian might appear a chaotic set of idiomatic meanings, e.g. the prefix za- may refer to the beginning of an action, movement to a position behind an object, a brief deviation from a path, or completion of an action. I propose a unified analysis of Russian prefixes, where the differences in meaning are claimed to arise from different syntactic positions, while the lexical entry of a prefix remains the same. The main focus is on the verbs of motion due to the consistent duality displayed by the prefix meanings when added to directional and non-directional motion verbs. It turns out that prefixes modify path when added onto a directional motion verb and refer to movement in time with non-directional motion verbs. This semantic distinction corresponds to distinct sets of syntactic properties, characteristic of the lexical and superlexical prefixes. Furthermore, a tripartite division emerges in each set of prefixes, corresponding to goal, source and route of motion (TO, FROM, VIA, respectively) for lexical prefixes and to beginning, completion and duration for superlexical prefixes. This leads to the suggestion that the same prefix with a consistent conceptual meaning, shared with the corresponding preposition receives part of its denotation from its position in the syntactic representation. The separation of conceptual meaning from the structural meaning allows the polysemy to arise from position, rather than from arbitrary homophony. Thus, conceptual structure is unified with syntax.


2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Bossy Paskalis ◽  
Hana Nurul Hasanah

 This research aims at describing the correct use of directional complements and elaborating the diversity and meanings of compound directional complement (CDC) used in Mandarin learners' interlanguage. This research is a case study on the essay of  Universitas Indonesia Chinese Study Program students. Results were obtained through qualitative data analysis method supported by simple calculation. Learners’ accuracy was reflected in identifying the direction of action, ordering the constituents in a sentence with directional complement, and selecting the motion verb. Meanwhile, inaccuracy appeared in four categories: misselection, misordering, overinclusion, and blends. On the other hand, the use of directional complements with literal meaning was very diverse, but not so for the metaphorical ones. Although the frequency of the metaphorical use of CDC was higher than the literal ones, there was a lack of the variation in the type of CDC used by the learners.  


2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ladina Stocker ◽  
Raphael Berthele

AbstractJuggling with structurally and semantically different language systems leads to constructions that differ from the typical patterns in a language. Typical patterns in the domain of motion are characterized by more verbs encoding path in French; and more verbs encoding the manner of motion in German. An increase of manner verbs in French, for instance, can be ascribed to an influence from German. The extent of typical or reversed patterns depends on interrelated factors such as speaker-related idiosyncrasies, language dominance configurations, and – arguably – the degree of language activation. Drawing on data from 154 French–German bilinguals who described motion events in different language modes, this paper combines interrelated questions on the role of language dominance, language mode manipulation and how these factors interact. Quantitative analyses on the use of motion verbs do not show the expected effects. The null results are discussed by comparing preceding studies showing contradictory findings.


2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 788-811
Author(s):  
Silvia Luraghi

Abstract In Hittite, deictic motion verbs pai- ‘go’ and uwa- ‘come’ may co-occur in a monoclausal structure with a second verb that carries the lexical meaning. As yet, their exact function remains obscure. I argue that motion verbs involved in such construction underwent transcategorization and function as New Event Markers. I show that this development is best explained as an instance of constructionalization involving both the motion verbs and the second verb in the clause, which is based on a pragmatic inference arising when motion verbs were used without a spatial complement. Either motion verb contributes a different semantics to the construction based on the different perspective regarding the deictic center identified by the ego, whereby pai- ‘go’ (motion originating from the deictic center) marks an event as close in time and controlled, while uwa- ‘come’ (motion originating outside the deictic center) indicates distance in time and possible lack of control.


Turkology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (107) ◽  
pp. 87-105
Author(s):  
Erkan Kirik ◽  
Abdullah Chigil

Verbs are one of the most basic vocabulary elements of the language. These words express the being, manners and movements of beings in the universe. However, in order to express the movements of living and non-living beings in the universe, the verb category creates syntactic and semantic situations by performing some combinations within itself. Because the many movements of many beings in the universe cause endless combinations to appear. In order to express this, the verb category creates various combinations within itself. The most typical example of this is seen between motion verbs, which is a semantic class, and serial verb structures, which are a syntactic and semantic class. Although there have been various studies on motion verbs, the limits of these verbs have not been determined in Turkish studies. Motion verbs, which can be considered as verbs expressing the displacement of beings in the universe, are closely related to serial verb structures, which is a syntactic and semantic category. Serial verb structures contain at least one motion verb in surface or deep structure. According to Talmy's typology, these verbs of motion mark the "way" where the movement takes place, or the "style", which is the way it takes place. In this study, the roles of "path" and "manner" in the serialization process of motion verbs are discussed in the Turkish context.


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