scholarly journals Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation

Author(s):  
John Cardarelli

This chapter describes ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation, ways to measure it in the environment, describes the potential health effects from chronic and acute exposures as well as a discussion addressing pregnancy concerns. Background radiation from both sources are described in relation to occupational or public exposure limits and how these limits were derived. Among the subjects described are acute radiation syndrome, exposure assessment, radon, and assessment of radiation risk. Radiation protection and control measures are described and how their applications may change based on routine vs. emergency response conditions and the scale of the incident.

2016 ◽  
Vol 04 (04) ◽  
pp. 1650027
Author(s):  
Rong ZHU

Analysis of the meteorological conditions for atmospheric pollutant dispersion before and after the 2014 APEC meeting shows very significant effects of air pollution prevention and control measures on the meeting. It proves that the proper measures to control air pollution in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region are: establishing a regional emergency response mechanism to reduce emissions in the case of heavy air pollution, strengthening the local emergency response measures for emission reduction, and enhancing the early warning system for weather conditions conducive to heavy air pollution.


Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 368 (6491) ◽  
pp. 638-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaiyu Tian ◽  
Yonghong Liu ◽  
Yidan Li ◽  
Chieh-Hsi Wu ◽  
Bin Chen ◽  
...  

Responding to an outbreak of a novel coronavirus [agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)] in December 2019, China banned travel to and from Wuhan city on 23 January 2020 and implemented a national emergency response. We investigated the spread and control of COVID-19 using a data set that included case reports, human movement, and public health interventions. The Wuhan shutdown was associated with the delayed arrival of COVID-19 in other cities by 2.91 days. Cities that implemented control measures preemptively reported fewer cases on average (13.0) in the first week of their outbreaks compared with cities that started control later (20.6). Suspending intracity public transport, closing entertainment venues, and banning public gatherings were associated with reductions in case incidence. The national emergency response appears to have delayed the growth and limited the size of the COVID-19 epidemic in China, averting hundreds of thousands of cases by 19 February (day 50).


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL3) ◽  
pp. 279-286
Author(s):  
Ashritha M ◽  
Geetha R V ◽  
Jayalakshmi Somasundaram

The airborne disease is mainly caused by the pathogens, which spread through respiratory droplets while coughing, sneezing or talking. Infection protection and control measures are taken to prevent the possible spread of , which also spreads through respiratory droplets. Discharged microbes are suspended in the air as dust particles and even in the form of droplets. The Middle East respiratory syndrome is caused by wherein the health workers are at a higher risk. Hence, awareness must be created in order to reduce a number of cases. The preventive measures are mainly taken in health care as patients are susceptible to diseases. It is essential for all the people to become aware and take steps according. The survey was distributed online to around 100 participants of various places of Tamil regarding the awareness of airborne pathogens. From this above study, it could be noticed that around 85% of the people are aware of the airborne pathogen whereas 15% of the people are not aware of. 64% of people have a good knowledge of the symptoms of any type of airborne disease. the protective measures that must be taken, about 65% of the people are conscious of doing it. The study concludes that there is awareness of airborne pathogens and its prevention among the general public.


Author(s):  
Huaiyu Tian ◽  
Yonghong Liu ◽  
Yidan Li ◽  
Chieh-Hsi Wu ◽  
Bin Chen ◽  
...  

AbstractRespiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) appeared in China during December 2019. Attempting to contain infection, China banned travel to and from Wuhan city on 23 January and implemented a national emergency response. Here we evaluate the spread and control of the epidemic based on a unique synthesis of data including case reports, human movement and public health interventions. The Wuhan shutdown slowed the dispersal of infection to other cities by an estimated 2.91 days (95%CI: 2.54-3.29), delaying epidemic growth elsewhere in China. Other cities that implemented control measures pre-emptively reported 33.3% (11.1-44.4%) fewer cases in the first week of their outbreaks (13.0; 7.1-18.8) compared with cities that started control later (20.6; 14.5-26.8). Among interventions investigated here, the most effective were suspending intra-city public transport, closing entertainment venues and banning public gatherings. The national emergency response delayed the growth and limited the size of the COVID-19 epidemic and, by 19 February (day 50), had averted hundreds of thousands of cases across China.One sentence summaryTravel restrictions and the national emergency response delayed the growth and limited the size of the COVID-19 epidemic in China.


Author(s):  
Lei Jiang ◽  
Yujia Huang ◽  
Haonan Cheng ◽  
Ting Zhang ◽  
Lei Huang

As the country where the COVID-19 was first reported and initially broke out, China has controlled the spread of the pandemic well. The pandemic prevention process included emergency response and risk communication, both of which could notably increase public participation, people’s anxiety has been alleviated, their confidence in the government has been enhanced, and the implementation of prevention and control measures has been understood. This study selected 157,283 articles published by 447 accounts across 326 cities in February 2020 from WeChat, the largest social media application in China, to systematically compare the spatial distributions in the effectiveness of emergency responses and risk communication. The results showed that there were significant regional differences in the effectiveness of emergency response and risk communication during the pandemic period in China. The effectiveness of emergency response and risk communication are related to the exposure risk to the COVID-19, the level of economy, culture, and education of the region, the type of accounts and articles, and the ranking of the articles in posts. The timeliness and distribution types of articles should take into account the psychological changes in communication recipients to avoid the dissemination of homogenized information to the masses and the resulting information receiving fatigue period.


Author(s):  
Pedro Luis Bazán ◽  
Roberto Muscia ◽  
Joaquin Gomez Cano ◽  
Jossy Corrales Pinto ◽  
Álvaro Enrique Borri ◽  
...  

Introducción: El control radioscópico intraoperatorio es una práctica cada vez más frecuente, que no está libre de eventos adversos para el personal de la salud.Objetivos: Conocer la tasa de uso de radioscopia en la cirugía vertebral, reconocer las medidas de control, evaluar la asimilación del cirujano a los elementos de protección y analizar los eventos adversos en estos profesionales.Materiales y Métodos: Se envió, por correo electrónico, a cirujanos espinales, una encuesta de 17 preguntas de opciones múltiples.Resultados: Se recibieron 55 encuestas. El 87% se dedicaba a la columna, en más del 60% de sus prácticas. El arco en C es el método más utilizado para el control final, en forma pulsátil. Solo el 31% controla el tiempo real. El delantal plomado de una pieza es el método más utilizado, pero se desconoce cuándo se debe reemplazar. La mitad utiliza más de un elemento. Siete casos de trastornos visuales, 5 patologías tiroideas, 3 dermatitis y 2 casos de infertilidad. Tres cirujanos fueron operados por nódulos tiroideos, cataratas o neoplasia.Conclusiones: El control radioscópico intraoperatorio es una práctica frecuente en la cirugía espinal. El delantal plomado de una pieza es el método más utilizado y, muchas veces, se lo combina, pero se desconoce cuándo se deben renovar los plomados. Uno de cada tres cirujanos presentaron las patologías evaluadas y 3, cirugías relacionadas. Así queda en evidencia la protección y el control escasos que existen en los cirujanos especialistas, acompañados de una falta de protocolización que deja a la deriva este control. AbstractBackground: Intraoperative radiographic control (IRC) is an increasingly common practice, but it causes certain adverse events for healthcare providers.Objectives: To measure the use of fluoroscopy in spinal surgery, recognize control measures, evaluate assimilation of protection elements by surgeons, and analyze adverse events for spinal surgeons.Materials and Methods: A survey of 17 multiple-choice questions was e-mailed to spinal surgeons.Results: 55 surveys were answered. More than 60% of surgeons were spinal surgeons. The C-arm is the most widely used machine for final control by pulsating X-rays. Real-time controls are carried out in 31% of cases. One-piece leaded aprons are the most commonly used method, but it is unknown when they should be replaced. Half of the respondents uses more than one protection element. There were seven cases of vision changes, 5 of thyroid disorders, 3 of dermatitis, and 2 of infertility. Three surgeons required surgery for thyroid nodules, cataracts or neoplasm.Conclusions: IRC is a common practice in spinal surgery. One-piece leaded aprons are the most commonly used method and they are often combined with other elements, but it is not known when aprons must be replaced. One in 3 surgeons suffered from the studied conditions, and there were 3 related surgeries. Lack of adequate protection and control is a reality for specialist surgeons, together with a lack of protocols, making this an unregulated issue. 


Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (19) ◽  
pp. 6201
Author(s):  
Jinghan He ◽  
Ninghui Han ◽  
Ziqi Wang

Line overload is one of the important causal factors of cascading failures and blackouts in power systems. An optimization method for protection and control measures to mitigate line overloads is proposed in this study. The method consists of two main parts, i.e., the modeling process and the solving process. In the modeling process, an optimization model including overload protection and emergency control measures is developed using PFT (Power Flow Tracing). In the solving process, a multi-stage optimization method using IBSO (Improved Brain Storm Optimization algorithm) is proposed to obtain the final result. The aim of this study is to form a coordinated protection and control strategy that reduces the power on the overloaded line within the safety limits and minimizes the load loss of the power system. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.


2019 ◽  
pp. 2636-2641
Author(s):  
Lina S. Al-Jameel ◽  
Rasha S. Ahmed ◽  
Haidar A. Shamran

     Single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE), also called comet assay, is a rapid and sensitive technique used to analyse DNA Fragmentation Index(DFI). This study aimed to evaluate DNA damage in lymphocytes due to ionizing radiation in workers of Al-Tuwaitha nuclear site, which has been used for nuclear activities and contains a potentially significant amount of radioactive waste.The workers in this site are vulnerable to pollution due to a highly polluted environment of ionizing radiation. Blood samples were collected from 36 workerswho were divided into two groups;8 workers without protection and 28workers with protection, in addition to 30 control subjects.Alkaline comet assay was applied for analysis and the results indicated significantly higher DNA damage in the workers without protection as compared with the workers with protection and control groups.The result also showed significant differences between the workers with protection and control groups.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Dante Cruz Nieto ◽  
Ronald Rodriguez Espinoza ◽  
William Guzmán Sánchez ◽  
Juan Ipanaqué Roña ◽  
Ronald Ramos Pacheco ◽  
...  

The objective is to determine how compliance with the protection measures to prevent the spread of coronavirus influences the district of Barranca. The markets and banks were evaluated during the months from March to October 2020, taking as a sample 100 randomly selected people. Compliance with protection measures in the markets occurred gradually, being the month of August where the use of masks was observed in 100%, and in October 95% use of alcohol, 65% use of visors and 58% distancing. In banks, the use of masks reached 100% as of June, in September the use of disinfectant alcohol was 100%, 71% in visors and in October 100% distancing was obtained. It was compared with the results issued by the Ministry of Health, reaching a maximum value of 738 positives in August and a maximum of 33 deaths in June. Despite the protection regulations being complied with, the number of infections increased. However, it is necessary to efficiently intensify protection and control measures in order to avoid a second wave of infections.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document