Breaking the Waves

2019 ◽  
pp. 81-96
Author(s):  
Michael Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Extended Cognition ◽  
Andy Clark ◽  
Mark Of The Cognitive ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
The Waves

Andy Clark is the foremost architect of the extended cognition hypothesis (ExC), according to which the machinery of mind extends beyond the skull and skin. Advocates of ExC divide into several camps, the most prominent being the first-wave (parity-based) theorists and the second-wave (complementarity-based) theorists. These two groups are routinely at loggerheads. Given this, it is an intriguing fact that Clark’s work has been appealed to by both sides. By exploring Clark’s own treatment of the relationship between parity and complementarity, this chapter argues that neither of these phenomena can ground a compelling case for extended cognition, and neither can their simple conjunction. Against Clark, it argues that a better argument for extended cognition relies on the concept of a mark of the cognitive. This argument does not fit comfortably into either first-wave or second-wave ExC, although it is perhaps most naturally seen as a development of the former.

EPISTEMOLOGY AND RADICALLY EXTENDED COGNITION

Episteme ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Epistemology ◽  
Extended Cognition ◽  
David Chalmers ◽  
Duncan Pritchard ◽  
Andy Clark ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis paper concerns the relationship between epistemology and radically extended cognition. Radically extended cognition (REC) – as advanced by Andy Clark and David Chalmers – is cognition that is partly located outside the biological boundaries of the cognizing subject. Epistemologists have begun to wonder whether REC has any consequences for theories of knowledge. For instance, while Duncan Pritchard suggests that REC might have implications for which virtue epistemology is acceptable, J. Adam Carter wonders whether REC threatens anti-luck epistemology. In this paper, I argue that the possibility of REC has no systematic consequences for theorizing in epistemology. I suggest an alternative relationship between the two: epistemology can play a role in diagnosing cases of REC. Thus, by establishing that entities partially located outside biological boundaries don't play certain epistemic roles, one can establish that they don't play the related cognitive roles either. I conclude the paper by illustrating this last point.

scholarly journals Women Serial Killers in a Climate of Changing Gender Norms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Benkart
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Gender Norms ◽  
Serial Killer ◽  
Serial Killers ◽  
Florida Gulf Coast ◽  
Time Period ◽  
American Society ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
The Waves

Existing research suggests that patterns of both men and women serial killers are hyper-gendered. In American society, however, gender norms for women have dramatically changed over time. This study proposes that the patterns of women serial killers reflect the femininity ideals of the time period in which they operated in. The shifts in gender norms are operationalized by three time periods representative of the waves of feminism. The Radford/Florida Gulf Coast University’s serial killer database is used to establish a sample of 1,321 serial killers. Using multivariate regression analyses and controlling for age of last kill, which could potentially alter the kill method but be unrelated to gender, women serial killers do appear to be impacted by the femininity ideals of their time period but not as clearly as initially anticipated. Men serial killers were also found to be affected by changes in femininity ideals. Both women and men serial killers had more feminine kill patterns during the first wave of feminism, but men serial killers had a very violent, hyper-masculine peak during the second wave of feminism that women serial killers did not have.

scholarly journals Quantifying the relationship between lockdowns, mobility, and effective reproduction number (Rt) during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Greater Toronto Area

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Dainton ◽  
Alexander Hay
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Secular Trend ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Greater Toronto Area ◽  
Global Mobility ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background The effectiveness of lockdowns in mitigating the spread of COVID-19 has been the subject of intense debate. Data on the relationship between public health restrictions, mobility, and pandemic growth has so far been conflicting. Objective We assessed the relationship between public health restriction tiers, mobility, and COVID-19 spread in five contiguous public health units (PHUs) in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) in Ontario, Canada. Methods Weekly effective reproduction number (Rt) was calculated based on daily cases in each of the five GTA public health units between March 1, 2020, and March 19, 2021. A global mobility index (GMI) for each PHU was calculated using Google Mobility data. Segmented regressions were used to assess changes in the behaviour of Rt over time. We calculated Pearson correlation coefficients between GMI and Rt for each PHU and mobility regression coefficients for each mobility variable, accounting for time lag of 0, 7, and 14 days. Results In all PHUs except Toronto, the most rapid decline in Rt occurred in the first 2 weeks of the first province-wide lockdown, and this was followed by a slight trend to increased Rt as restrictions decreased. This trend reversed in all PHUs between September 6th and October 10th after which Rt decreased slightly over time without respect to public health restriction tier. GMI began to increase in the first wave even before restrictions were decreased. This secular trend to increased mobility continued into the summer, driven by increased mobility to recreational spaces. The decline in GMI as restrictions were reintroduced coincides with decreasing mobility to parks after September. During the first wave, the correlation coefficients between global mobility and Rt were significant (p < 0.01) in all PHUs 14 days after lockdown, indicating moderate to high correlation between decreased mobility and decreased viral reproduction rates, and reflecting that the incubation period brings in a time-lag effect of human mobility on Rt. In the second wave, this relationship was attenuated, and was only significant in Toronto and Durham at 14 days after lockdown. Conclusions The association between mobility and COVID-19 spread was stronger in the first wave than the second wave. Public health restriction tiers did not alter the existing secular trend toward decreasing Rt over time.

The Relationship Between COVID-19 (Cases and Deaths) and Stock Markets

2021 ◽  
pp. 323-341
Author(s):  
Paulo Ferreira ◽  
Éder Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Shock Waves ◽  
Dynamic Analysis ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Stock Markets ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Pearson Correlation Coefficient ◽  
The World ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second Wave

The numbers of COVID-19 increase daily, both confirmed cases and deaths. All over the world, shock waves are felt with impacts on economies in general and the financial sector in particular. Aiming to assess the relationship between confirmed cases and deaths and the behaviour of stock markets, the authors perform a dynamic analysis, based on the Pearson correlation coefficient, for 10 of the most affected countries in the world. As expected, they find evidence that the number of COVID-19 cases had a negative effect on stock markets, and that the current second wave is penalizing them. They also find that deaths have a more relevant impact than the number of confirmed cases.

Devalued women, valued men: motherhood, class and neoliberal feminism in the creative media industries

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamsyn Dent
Keyword(s):  
Creative Industries ◽  
Creative Industry ◽  
Creative Workers ◽  
Direct Contrast ◽  
Creative Media ◽  
Individual Choices ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Problematic Claim ◽  
Determining Factor

This article contributes to the literature on gender inequality in the creative workforce. Motherhood has been attributed as a determining factor of female under-employment or unequal representation in the creative industries, a problematic claim that distracts attention from operational excluding structures. The article considers why motherhood has become an identified explanation for female under-representation by considering the question: what sort of mother are we referring to when we talk of the creative worker? Revising the genealogy of literature on maternal practice from second wave up to recent concepts of neoliberal feminism, this article explores how class-based practices associated with motherhood have an influence on how all women are valued as creative workers. This is in direct contrast to men whose employment value increases following parenthood. The term ‘value’ explores how individual choices emerge in response to wider structural issues, providing a framework to consider the relationship between gender and class in the context of the neoliberal, creative industry.

scholarly journals SLEEP QUALITY AS A MECHANISM LINKING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S779-S779
Author(s):  
Alycia N Bisson ◽  
Margie E Lachman
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Sleep Quality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Waking Up ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Moderating Role

Abstract Modifiable health behaviors, such as physical activity and sleep quality are important for cognition throughout life. A growing body of research also suggests that engaging in enough physical activity is important to sleeping well. One recent study found that sleep efficiency mediates the relationship between physical activity and cognition. It is still unknown whether other metrics of sleep quality are mediators. The present study tested mediation in the second wave of the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study. Using the PROCESS macro for SPSS, we found that those who were more physically active fell asleep faster, and had better executive functioning. In addition, those who were more physically active reported waking up fewer times during the night, and had better executive functioning and self-rated memory. Discussion will focus on the moderating role of gender and distinctions between findings with different measures of sleep, physical activity, and cognition.

Fit perceptions, work engagement, satisfaction and commitment

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 401-414
Author(s):  
Bruce Rayton ◽  
Zeynep Y. Yalabik ◽  
Andriana Rapti
Keyword(s):  
Work Engagement ◽  
Affective Commitment ◽  
Employee Attitudes ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Organizational Interventions ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Time Lagged ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Waves

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between fit (organization and job) perceptions and work engagement (WE). Design/methodology/approach The authors deployed a two-wave survey among 377 clerical employees of the specialist lending division of a large UK bank, with the waves separated by 12 months. Findings The results show a positive relationship between person organization (PO) and person job (PJ) fit perceptions (at Time 1) and WE (at Time 2). Job satisfaction (JS) and affective commitment (AC) dual-mediate these relationships. The effect of PO fit on WE manifests primarily via AC, while the effect of PJ fit manifests primarily via JS. Practical implications The study indicates that organizations should consider the fit of employees to their jobs and the organization when designing interventions intended to increase WE. Also, potential synergies exist between organizational interventions designed to influence employee attitudes focused on similar units of analysis: e.g., PJ fit with JS or PO fit with AC. Originality/value This study provides the first investigation of the dual-mediation, via JS and AC, of the effects of both PJ and PO fit on WE. Furthermore, the use of a time-lagged design strengthens the evidence for the novel hypotheses of this study and enables verification of findings in the extant literature.

scholarly journals Thinking embodiment with genetics: epigenetics and postgenomic biology in embodied cognition and enactivism

Synthese ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Meloni ◽  
Jack Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
The Body ◽  
Precise Nature ◽  
Andy Clark ◽  
4E Cognition ◽  
Genomic Biology ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Epigenetic Research

AbstractThe role of the body in cognition is acknowledged across a variety of disciplines, even if the precise nature and scope of that contribution remain contentious. As a result, most philosophers working on embodiment—e.g. those in embodied cognition, enactivism, and ‘4e’ cognition—interact with the life sciences as part of their interdisciplinary agenda. Despite this, a detailed engagement with emerging findings in epigenetics and post-genomic biology has been missing from proponents of this embodied turn. Surveying this research provides an opportunity to rethink the relationship between embodiment and genetics, and we argue that the balance of current epigenetic research favours the extension of an enactivist approach to mind and life, rather than the extended functionalist view of embodied cognition associated with Andy Clark and Mike Wheeler, which is more substrate neutral.

The combined effect of perceived organizational injustice and perceived politics on deviant behaviors

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Nisar Khattak ◽  
Roxanne Zolin ◽  
Noor Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Perceived Injustice ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Deviant Behaviors ◽  
Perception Of Politics ◽  
Interpersonal Deviance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Perceived Unfairness

Purpose The main purpose of this study is to examine the catalytic impact of perceptions of politics in organizations on the relationship between perceived unfairness and deviant behavior at work. Design/methodology/approach To test the proposed research model, the authors collected field data in a public sector university located in Islamabad Capital Territory, Pakistan. A two-wave questionnaire was distributed to 400 employees. In the first wave, the questionnaire was used to collect data on participants’ perceptions of perceived injustice and organizational politics. After two weeks, the second wave of data collection was conducted by sending another questionnaire to the same respondents to collect data on their organizational and interpersonal deviance. Findings Empirical findings revealed that perceived interactional injustice results in interpersonal deviance, and perceived distributive and procedural injustice results in organizational deviance. Moreover, the direct relationship between perceived injustice and deviant behaviors was stronger when the perception of politics factor was high. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is one of the first to test the detrimental effect of perception of politics on deviance in a public organization in Pakistan.

Rhetoric and Feminism

2014 ◽  
pp. 582-598
Author(s):  
Cheryl Glenn ◽  
Andrea A. Lunsford
Keyword(s):  
Writing Studies ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Rhetorical Tradition ◽  
Rhetorical Studies ◽  
Feminist Theories ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Feminist Movements ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Waves

Until recently, women have been neglected as subjects of scholarly interest in rhetorical studies. Though women were writing and speaking, they have not, for the most part, been considered rhetors per se. This chapter traces the relationship of rhetoric to feminist movements (first-, second-, and third-wave feminism), demonstrating the multiple ways feminism and rhetoric have come to establish a mutually enhancing relationship. The chapter locates four means through which feminist rhetoricians enact social, academic, and political change: resistant rereadings of treatises from the rhetorical canon; recovering and recuperating female-authored texts and performances; constructing feminist theories and rhetorical practices; and extrapolating theories from texts not usually thought of as rhetorical. This summary demonstrates that scholars of rhetoric and writing studies have been riding the waves of feminisms, struggling to resist, resee, and reshape the rhetorical tradition in ways that admit, embrace, and celebrate women and feminist understandings.

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