Crime and Uncertainty

2019 ◽  
pp. 159-210
Author(s):  
Annette Idler
Keyword(s):  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
Avoidance Strategies ◽  
Illicit Flows ◽  
International Trafficking

Chapter 5 discusses security dynamics in the context of unstable short-term arrangements among violent non-state groups. These arrangements cluster at illicit business hubs, including at strategic nodes where various illicit flows coalesce and at the starting points of international trafficking routes. In such contexts of inter-group mistrust, community members are exposed to selective killings carried out by violent non-state groups to preempt or retaliate cheating or betrayal. This engenders a constant presentiment of danger among community members. General distrust and uncertainty erodes the community’s social fabric. Depending on the specific type of arrangement, community members can adapt their behavior to various degrees to the logics of illicit economies or employ avoidance strategies to minimize exposure to violence. Impunity across the border conceals violence against those who are considered obstacles to the illicit business.

Borderland Battles

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Idler
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Security Challenges

Borderlands are like a magnifying glass on some of the world’s most entrenched security challenges. In unstable regions, border areas attract violent non-state groups, ranging from rebels and paramilitaries to criminal organizations, who exploit central government neglect. These groups compete for territorial control, cooperate in illicit cross-border activities, and provide a substitute for the governance functions usually associated with the state. Drawing on extensive fieldwork with more than six hundred interviews in and on the shared borderlands of Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela—where conflict is rife and crime thriving—this book provides exclusive firsthand insights into these war-torn spaces. It reveals how dynamic interactions among violent non-state groups produce a complex security landscape with ramifications for order and governance both locally and beyond. These interactions create not only physical violence but also less visible forms of insecurity. When groups fight each other, community members are exposed to violence but can follow the rules imposed by the opposing actors. Unstable short-term arrangements among violent non-state groups fuel mistrust and uncertainty among communities, eroding their social fabric. Where violent non-state groups engage in relatively stable long-term arrangements, “shadow citizenship” arises: a mutually reinforcing relationship between violent non-state groups that provide public goods and services, and communities that consent to their illicit authority. Contrary to state-centric views that consider borderlands uniformly violent spaces, the transnational borderland lens adopted in the book demonstrates how the geography and political economy of these borderlands intensify these multifaceted security impacts.

scholarly journals Exposure to and recall of violence reduce short-term memory and cognitive control

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (32) ◽  
pp. 8505-8510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Bogliacino ◽  
Gianluca Grimalda ◽  
Pietro Ortoleva ◽  
Patrick Ring
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Exposure To Violence ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Urban District ◽  
Term Memory

Previous research has investigated the effects of violence and warfare on individuals' well-being, mental health, and individual prosociality and risk aversion. This study establishes the short- and long-term effects of exposure to violence on short-term memory and aspects of cognitive control. Short-term memory is the ability to store information. Cognitive control is the capacity to exert inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Both have been shown to affect positively individual well-being and societal development. We sampled Colombian civilians who were exposed either to urban violence or to warfare more than a decade earlier. We assessed exposure to violence through either the urban district-level homicide rate or self-reported measures. Before undertaking cognitive tests, a randomly selected subset of our sample was asked to recall emotions of anxiety and fear connected to experiences of violence, whereas the rest recalled joyful or emotionally neutral experiences. We found that higher exposure to violence was associated with lower short-term memory abilities and lower cognitive control in the group recalling experiences of violence, whereas it had no effect in the other group. This finding demonstrates that exposure to violence, even if a decade earlier, can hamper cognitive functions, but only among individuals actively recalling emotional states linked with such experiences. A laboratory experiment conducted in Germany aimed to separate the effect of recalling violent events from the effect of emotions of fear and anxiety. Both factors had significant negative effects on cognitive functions and appeared to be independent from each other.

Managers and Nonunion Workers in the Rubber Industry: Union Avoidance Strategies in the 1930s

ILR Review ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Relations ◽  
Organized Labor ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Avoidance Strategies ◽  
Union Avoidance ◽  
Economic Considerations

This study of the rubber industry in the 1930s confirms the recently developed thesis that employers in that decade were more diverse in their responses to the rise of organized labor, and more successful in thwarting or containing unions, than most early labor histories have given them credit for. The author finds that small and medium-sized firms in the industry were highly sensitive to short-term economic considerations, whereas the largest firms implemented policies that reflected previous industrial relations experiences. Goodyear, Firestone, and U.S. Rubber adopted policies that the author (borrowing a typology from Howell Harris) characterizes as persistent anti-unionism, realism, and progressivism, respectively. All three achieved most of their objectives, including the elimination or restriction of union influence.

scholarly journals Perceptions of the Role of Short-Term Volunteerism in International Development: Views from Volunteers, Local Hosts, and Community Members

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethina Loiseau ◽  
Rebekah Sibbald ◽  
Salem A. Raman ◽  
Benedict Darren ◽  
Lawrence C. Loh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
International Development ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Skill Sets ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
International Volunteers ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Related Development

Background.Short-term international volunteer trips traditionally involve volunteers from high-income countries travelling to low- and middle-income countries to assist in service-related development activities. Their duration typically ranges from 7 to 90 days. The city of La Romana, Dominican Republic, receives hundreds of short-term international volunteers annually. They participate in activities aimed at improving conditions faced by a marginalized ethnic-Haitian community living inbateyes. Methods.This qualitative analysis examined perceptions of short-term international volunteerism, held by three key stakeholder groups in La Romana: local hosts, international volunteers, and community members. Responses from semistructured interviews were recorded and analysed by thematic analysis.Results.Themes from the 3 groups were broadly categorized into general perceptions of short-term volunteerism and proposed best practices. These were further subdivided into perceptions of value, harms, and motivations associated with volunteer teams for the former and best practices around volunteer composition and selection, partnership, and skill sets and predeparture training for the latter.Conclusion.Notable challenges were associated with short-term volunteering, including an overemphasis on the material benefits from volunteer groups expressed by community member respondents; misalignment of the desired and actual skill sets of volunteers; duplicate and uncoordinated volunteer efforts; and the perpetuation of stereotypes suggesting that international volunteers possess superior knowledge or skills. Addressing these challenges is critical to optimizing the conduct of short-term volunteerism.

scholarly journals Digital storytelling in study abroad: toward a counter-catalogic experience

Seminar.net ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Study Abroad ◽  
Digital Storytelling ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Host Community ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Critical Thought ◽  
Short Term Study ◽  
Digital Stories ◽  
Study Abroad Program

This article examines a pilot project incorporating digital storytelling into a short-term study abroad program in the small city of Guanajuato, Mexico. After contextualizing the project’s pedagogical and theoretical concerns, the article examines the resulting stories, underscoring their potential for helping students pay attention to specific sites, to think beyond the usual images one is bombarded with and to spark critical thought. It argues that digital storytelling allows both students and host community members to become authors and representers of their experiences, thus creating a “counter-catalogic” study abroad experience, i.e. one that goes beyond the staid images used to market these experiences abroad. Digital stories afford an exciting mode for thinking about how to create critical, intimate and dialogic encounters with others.

Turkish students and their experiences during a short-term summer visit to the U.S.

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emre Güvendir
Keyword(s):  
Native Speaker ◽  
Host Community ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
English Classes ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Learning English

Abstract This study examined the language-related experiences of Turkish students during their time in the U.S., and how these experiences related to their perceptions about learning English in an English-speaking community and interacting with host community members. The study also examined why Turkish students preferred a native speaker environment such as the U.S. as a venue for learning English. The participants of the study included 31 Turkish students who took English classes in a short-term summer study program in the U.S. The study used face-to-face interviews for data collection and content analysis to categorize students’ experiences. Findings show that although the majority of the students benefited from their stay in the U.S., they faced various challenges that limited their interaction with the host community and restricted their access to language input.

Thinking about the meaning of time among temporary labor migrants in Israel

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 536-562
Author(s):  
Robin A Harper ◽  
Hani Zubida
Keyword(s):  
Migration Time ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Temporary Labor ◽  
Perception Of Time ◽  
And Migration

When thinking about time and migration, time appears to be the obvious unchangeable independent variable—linear, uniform, and constant—affecting migrants’ experiences. However, what if we reimagine time as a dependent variable affected by migration? Time, thus, is not linear but layered, malleable, and potentially even liquid. Migrants weave time with space, generating past, present, and future, forming multiple simultaneous “heres,” “theres,” and “in-betweens.” A subset of migrants, temporary labor migrants, provides an interesting opportunity to consider how migration affects time (including the perception of time). States permit temporary labor migrants to immigrate only because they consent to emigrate after a predetermined, contracted period. In this paper, we consider what it means to enter into such “migration time” arrangements that warp, transform, and curtail time for migrants, their children, employers, community members, left-behind families, and the state. Migrants’ children who typically exist outside state-brokered labor migration deals develop alternate timescapes from their migrant parents. Based on the analysis of interview data and complementary follow-up conversations with 43 temporary labor migrants in Israel from 11 different countries, we examine how the migration process creates nonlinear time and how migrants discover, lament, manage, enjoy, and struggle with multiple timescapes. Building on the work of Saulo Cwerner, we replicate his model on time and migration to show general patterns for immigrants and modes particular to temporary labor migrants including time ruptures, freedom time (short-term opportunities), and ambiguous time (fuzzy continuities).

scholarly journals Health Risks in Natural Disasters: Four Case Studies in the Philippines

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-17
Author(s):  
Exaltacion E. Lamberte ◽  
Feorillo Petronillo A. Demeterio III ◽  
Wilfred Luis L. Clamor
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Events ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
The Face

The Philippines is prone to a variety of natural calamities. Consequently, the community's health is impacted by many extreme events. This study investigates stakeholders' knowledge and preparedness in the face of major natural events and disasters, health impacts of disasters in the community, and different sectors' response amid extreme events, explicitly flooding, earthquakes, super typhoons, and volcanic eruptions. Data was gathered from four locations through interviews and focus group discussions, and available literature and situation reports. According to the narratives, residents' and local government units' awareness of an impending catastrophic event and disaster preparations are critical. Moreover, community members experienced various immediate, short-term, and long-term health impacts due to various disasters. Therefore, the lessons in this study should be used to improve its preparations, strategies, and protocols.

The role of education in the accumulation and transmission of social experience

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Yakovlevich Flier
Keyword(s):  
Social Cost ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Life Activity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Communicative Acts

It is demonstrated that social experience is accumulated in the process of real joint life activity of people in the course of satisfying their group and individual interests and needs, in which there is a constant spontaneous rejection of those forms (technologies and results) of their actions, conduct, communicative acts, the used means, ideological and value foundations, etc. that are recognized as harmful or potentially dangerous for the existing level of social integration of the team and turn out to be unacceptable in terms of their social cost and consequences. Some of these undesirable forms eventually fall under institutional taboo (legislative, religious and other prohibitions, sanctions, etc.), while others remain condemned within the framework of customs (morality, virtue). The forms that in the short term, and especially in the long term, prove to be quite acceptable or even desirable from the point of view of maintaining, reproducing, and sometimes increasing the level of social consolidation of community members, their tolerance, the quality of their mutual understanding and interaction, both spontaneously and over time institutionally selected as recommended, are accumulated and consolidated in social norms, standards, values, rules, laws, and ideological principles. Education is one of these most effective forms. The article shows what functions are performed by education at all levels and stages.

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