Chile

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Rosenblatt
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Deleterious Effect ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Institutional Setting ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Exit Barriers ◽  
Electoral Reforms ◽  
Negative Effect

This chapter analyzes the major Chilean political parties: PSCh, DC, RN, UDI, and PPD. Chile has had stable parties for an extended period, and some of its parties have had long trajectories. Since the 2000s, the country has witnessed a process of party decay. The UDI is the only party where, at the time of fieldwork, all causal factors were observed, and it was also the only vibrant party. The chapter highlights the waning effect of Trauma, shows the potential trade-off between Trauma and Channels of Ambition, and illustrates the deleterious effect of the absence of Purpose for the reproduction of party vibrancy. Also, as other scholars have shown, the Chilean institutional setting, before the electoral reforms of 2015, demonstrates the negative effect of high Exit Barriers on party vibrancy. Finally, the chapter closes with a discussion of events circa 2015–2016 that have accelerated the process of organizational decay.

Uruguay

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Rosenblatt
Keyword(s):  
Causal Factors ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Exit Barriers ◽  
Informal Rules

This chapter, focusing on Uruguay, reviews the trajectory of the oldest parties in the study, PC and PN. This analysis presents the clearest example of the theorized evolution of the causal factors: the waning effect of Trauma, the difficulty of sustaining Purpose, the importance of formal and informal Channels of Ambition, and the consolidation of moderate Exit Barriers as a combination of institutional and organizational formal and informal rules. The chapter also discusses the case of the FA, a vibrant party that faces the challenge of consolidating Channels of Ambition. Finally, the Uruguayan case illustrates the trade-off between Trauma and Channels of Ambition and is the only one of the three countries in this study where all the major parties, at the time of fieldwork, could be considered vibrant.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Rosenblatt
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Qualitative Case Study ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Exit Barriers ◽  
Over Time

This chapter presents and develops the research question, What explains the ability of a given party to remain a vibrant organization over time and across junctures? It defines the dependent variable as party vibrancy, and presents the four hypothesized causal factors: Purpose, Trauma, Channels of Ambition, and moderate Exit Barriers. The literature on political parties is among the oldest in political science. Hence, the chapter engages in a dialogue with the literature, in order to establish the theoretical foundation of this research. The chapter also considers rival empirical hypotheses and develops the main aspects of the qualitative case study research that guided the empirical assessment.

Party Vibrancy and Democracy in Latin America

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Rosenblatt
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Complex Interaction ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Exit Barriers ◽  
Electoral Cycles ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Active Organization

How do political parties remain vibrant organizations? This qualitative study of political parties in Chile, Costa Rica, and Uruguay explains how party vibrancy is maintained and reproduced over time. A vibrant party is an active organization that operates beyond electoral cycles, has clear symbols, and maintains a significant presence in the territory. The study identifies the complex interaction between four causal factors that account for the reproduction of party vibrancy: Purpose, Trauma, Channels of Ambition, and moderate Exit Barriers. Purpose activates retrospective loyalty among members. Trauma refers to a shared traumatic past that engenders retrospective loyalty. Channels of Ambition are routes by which individuals can pursue a political career. Moderate Exit Barriers are rules that set costs of defection at reasonable levels. The case studies suggest that, after a process of consolidation and stability, the presence of the four causal factors explains party vibrancy. The presence of the factors then sustains the reproduction of this vibrancy over time. The four causal factors are observed during a party’s “golden age.” Vibrant parties are resilient. Yet the study also shows that the ability of Trauma to forge loyalty decreases over time and that the long-term reproduction of Purpose can be elusive, as has been shown in Latin America. Older vibrant parties thus exhibit a combination of only Channels of Ambition and moderate Exit Barriers, and are less resilient than those that also have Purpose and/or Trauma.

scholarly journals Long-Term Cryopreservation Does Not Affect Quality of Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Grafts: A Comparative Study of Native, Short-Term and Long-Term Cryopreserved Haematopoietic Stem Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 096368972110360
Author(s):  
Daniel Lysak ◽  
Michaela Brychtová ◽  
Martin Leba ◽  
Miroslava Čedíková ◽  
Daniel Georgiev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Cd34 Cells ◽  
Negative Effect

Cryopreserved haematopoietic progenitor cells are used to restore autologous haematopoiesis after high dose chemotherapy. Although the cells are routinely stored for a long period, concerns remain about the maximum storage time and the possible negative effect of storage on their potency. We evaluated the effect of cryopreservation on the quality of peripheral stem cell grafts stored for a short (3 months) and a long (10 years) period and we compared it to native products.The viability of CD34+ cells remained unaffected during storage, the apoptotic cells were represented up to 10% and did not differ between groups. The clonogenic activity measured by ATP production has decreased with the length of storage (ATP/cell 1.28 nM in native vs. 0.63 in long term stored products, P < 0.05). Only borderline changes without statistical significance were detected when examining mitochondrial and aldehyde dehydrogenase metabolic activity and intracellular pH, showing their good preservation during cell storage. Our experience demonstrates that cryostorage has no major negative effect on stem cell quality and potency, and therefore autologous stem cells can be stored safely for an extended period of at least 10 years. On the other hand, long term storage for 10 years and longer may lead to mild reduction of clonogenic capacity. When a sufficient dose of stem cells is infused, these changes will not have a clinical impact. However, in products stored beyond 10 years, especially when a low number of CD34+ cells is available, the quality of stem cell graft should be verified before infusion using the appropriate potency assays.

Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on IT Sector. The Case of Greece

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Innovation Development ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Greek Economy ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
The Impact

The impact of the Information and Technology (IT) sector on the countries’ innovation development has been recognized as crucial in prior and recent research studies. Moreover, firms’ innovativeness affects positively countries’ economies. Nevertheless, the global economic crisis of the last decade constituted a significant barrier to the development of country economies and had a negative effect on firms’ performance. Specifically, the negative consequences of the global crisis became harder for Southern Europe Countries. More specifically the Greek economy was suffered by an extended period of crisis with harder consequences than those of other European countries. The main purpose of this study was to examine the financial performance of Greek IT firms in the early years of crisis. Our findings have been relevant to those of previous studies which observed negative effects of the financial recession on firms profitability.

scholarly journals Cleavages and Government in Slovenia and Montenegro

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-621
Author(s):  
Alenka Krašovec ◽  
Nemanja Batrićević
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Democratic Transition ◽  
Party System ◽  
Institutional Setting ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Multiparty Systems ◽  
Cleavage Structure ◽  
System Characteristics ◽  
Ruling Party

AbstractIn this article we identify the factors that contribute to the formation and especially the durability/stability of governments in both Slovenia and Montenegro after they formally introduced multiparty systems and following their democratic transition, with a focus on the effect of cleavages and party system characteristics generally. Although these two polities share several important similarities (small size, common institutional setting during Yugoslav era, aspirations for membership in international organisations etc.), the nature of governments’ durability/stability in the democratic era entails distinct differences. While Montenegro stands out in post-socialist Europe as the only case where the ruling party has not been overthrown, Slovenia has been led by many governments composed of different political parties. While it seems that in neither country are the ideological characteristics of the governments able to explain their duration/stability to any important extent, it is obvious that the cleavage structure in the two countries has varied, as has the importance of particular cleavages.

Portugal: Left-Wing Single-Party Governments and Right-Wing Coalitions

2021 ◽  
pp. 517-543
Author(s):  
Patrícia Calca
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Party System ◽  
Institutional Setting ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Governance Mechanisms ◽  
Government Formation ◽  
Coalition Governments

How have Portuguese political parties, especially the ones in coalition governments, operated? The main focus of this chapter is the study of coalition governments in Portugal since the 2000s. This chapter shows how the country’s governments have shifted back and forth from left-wing single-party governments to right-wing coalition governments during this period. It aims to improve the understanding of Portuguese governments by shedding light on their specificities and dynamics. It is thus useful as a standalone chapter or as a source for multi-country comparisons. The chapter is initiated with a brief description of Portugal’s institutional setting. It is developed further by delving into the country’s party system followed by a discussion of government-formation issues. In conclusion, the chapter considers all the previous information going deeper into coalition governance mechanisms.

scholarly journals Corporate Governance Mechanisms, Ownership and Firm Value: Evidence from Listed Chinese Firms

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusheng Kong ◽  
Takuriramunashe Famba ◽  
Grace Chituku-Dzimiro ◽  
Huaping Sun ◽  
Ophias Kurauone
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Firm Value ◽  
Ownership Concentration ◽  
Institutional Setting ◽  
Tobin’S Q ◽  
Governance Mechanism ◽  
Corporate Ownership ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Tobin's Q ◽  
Negative Effect

This study analyzes corporate ownership as a corporate governance mechanism and its role in creating firm value. Previous research shows that there is no convergence on the firm-value corporate ownership relationship. Most research in this area takes a cross national approach ignoring the uniqueness of each institutional setting particularly those of emerging nations. Using a unique firm level dataset, we investigate how corporate control nature and ownership concentration affect the value of Chinese listed firms. First, non-state owned control is associated with a higher Tobin’s Q while a negative premium is found for state owned. Using the hybrid and the correlated random effects model we confirm a U-shaped non-linear relationship between ownership concentration and Tobin’s Q, implying that firm value first decreases and then increases as block holders own more shares. Further investigation reveals that the negative effect of ownership concentration is weaker when a firm equity nature is non-state owned enterprises (non-SOEs) compared to state-owned enterprises (SOEs). While ownership concentration appears to be an efficient mechanism for corporate governance its effect is weaker for SOEs compared to non-SOEs. The results support privatization of SOEs, sound reforms such as the split share structure reform as crucial for the development of China’s stock market.

Tribes will play politics in Middle East monarchies

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Political Role ◽  
Electoral Reforms ◽  
State Relations ◽  
Modern Nation State

Significance Tribe-state relations have experienced various levels of tension and cooperation in the monarchies of the Middle East and North Africa: Jordan, Morocco, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Throughout the region, there is much discussion of a claimed tribal resurgence. In reality, however, tribes have always had a significant political role, co-existing with the modern nation-state. Impacts Potential electoral reforms to de-emphasise traditional tribal boundaries or legalise political parties could disempower tribes. Slow and cumbersome bureaucracies will encourage people to trade on tribal affiliations in order to circumvent procedures. Where central governments become weaker, especially in cases of civil conflict, tribes may step in to fill the political power vacuum.

Energy allocation during the maturation of adults in a long-lived insect: implications for dispersal and reproduction

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 629-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. David ◽  
B. Giffard ◽  
I. van Halder ◽  
D. Piou ◽  
H. Jactel
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Energy Allocation ◽  
Dispersal Ability ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Capital Breeder ◽  
Flight Capacity ◽  
Reproduction Process ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Investment In Reproduction

AbstractEnergy allocation strategies have been widely documented in insects and were formalized in the context of the reproduction process by the terms ‘capital breeder’ and ‘income breeder’. We propose here the extension of this framework to dispersal ability, with the concepts of ‘capital disperser’ and ‘income disperser’, and explore the trade-off in resource allocation between dispersal and reproduction. We hypothesized that flight capacity was sex-dependent, due to a trade-off in energy allocation between dispersal and egg production in females. We used Monochamus galloprovincialis as model organism, a long-lived beetle which is the European vector of the pine wood nematode. We estimated the flight capacity with a flight mill and used the number of mature eggs as a proxy for the investment in reproduction. We used the ratio between dry weights of the thorax and the abdomen to investigate the trade-off. The probability of flying increased with the adult weight at emergence, but was not dependent on insect age or sex. Flight distance increased with age in individuals but did not differ between sexes. It was also positively associated with energy allocation to thorax reserves, which increased with age. In females, the abdomen weight and the number of eggs also increase with age with no negative effect on flight capacity, indicating a lack of trade-off. This long-lived beetle has a complex strategy of energy allocation, being a ‘capital disperser’ in terms of flight ability, an ‘income disperser’ in terms of flight performance and an ‘income breeder’ in terms of egg production.

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