What Scientists Think About Scientific Thinking

2019 ◽  
pp. 219-234
Author(s):  
Bradley E. Alger
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Scientific Thinking ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
A Minor

This chapter reports original data from two surveys conducted to find out how scientists view the hypothesis and related concepts. One was an online survey of hundreds of members of biological research societies. The scientists reported on their knowledge of and training in the use of the hypothesis, their views about hypothesis testing as compared with other modes of conducting science, such as Discovery Science, open-ended questioning, and Big Data methods. Respondents estimated how the various scientific modes influenced their work and how much they relied on each one. Most respondents,70% of them, reported having received little or no training in scientific thinking; however, 90% felt confident about their thinking skills. Nevertheless, more than 90% felt that formal training in this area would be helpful. The great majority relied on hypotheses in their research work. The second survey, analyzed all (more than 150) neuroscience research papers that appeared sequentially in top journals during 2015 to determine how the papers were structured, particularly with respect to the hypothesis. Only 33% of the papers had an explicitly stated hypothesis, whereas, in 45%, the hypothesis was “implicit.” A minor, though notable, fraction of the papers misused the term “hypothesis.” The results are germane to several topics covered in the remainder of the book.

Isatin: A Scaffold with Innumerable Biodiversity

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyobrata Nath ◽  
Agnish Mukherjee ◽  
Sougata Mukherjee ◽  
Sabyasachi Banerjee ◽  
Samarpita Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Effects ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Extensive Information ◽  
Relevant Compound ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Clinical Conditions

: Isatin is an endogenous and a significant category of fused heterocyclic component, widely been a part of several potential biologically useful synthetics. Since its discovery, tons of research work has been conducted with respect to the synthesis, chemical properties, and biological and industrial applications. It contains indole nucleus having both lactam and keto moiety which while being a part of a molecular framework exerted several biological effects, viz.; antimicrobial, antitubercular, anticonvulsant, anticancer etc. Isatin derivatives are synthetically significant substrates, which can be utilized for the synthesis of huge diversified chemical entities of which few members emerged to be a drug. The reason for this review is to provide extensive information pertaining to the chemistry and its significance in altering several pathological states of isatin and its derivatives. A Structure Activity Relationships study thus developed through a gamut of scientific information indicates the importance of mostly electron withdrawing groups, halogens, nitro, alkoxy and to a minor extent groups with positive inductive effects, such as methyl at position 1, 5, 6 and 7 of isatin in alleviating several clinical conditions. It is also observed from the survey that the presence of two oxo groups at position 2 and 3 sometimes become insignificant as fusion with a heterocycle at those position resulted in a biologically relevant compound.

scholarly journals Traditional, phytochemical, and biological aspects of Rosa alba L.: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anju Verma ◽  
Rajni Srivastava ◽  
Pankaj Kumar Sonar ◽  
Ramprakash Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Medicinal And Aromatic Plants ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Northwest Africa ◽  
The Family ◽  
White Rose

Abstract Background Rosa alba L. belongs to the family Rosaceae. This species is widely cultivated in Europe, Asia, North America, and Northwest Africa due to its fragrance, ornamental, and medicinal values. It is commonly known as white oil-bearing rose, white rose, white rose of York, backyard rose, and sufaid gulab. Main text Rosa alba L. has many biological properties like antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, antifertility, teratogenic, memory enhancing, cytotoxic, and genotoxic activities. The essential oil of Rosa alba L. possesses good antimicrobial activity and consists of many chemical constituents like- citronellol, geraniol, nerol, linalool, citral, carvacrol, eugenol, etc. Conclusion This article briefly reviews the cultivation, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activities of Rosa alba L. Many research papers have been published on the proposed plant and still, there is a very vast scope of research on it. Therefore, this review will be very fruitful for those scientists who are doing or plan to do research work on this plant. All the scientific findings written in this review are explored from Google web, Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Abstracts (MAPA), and SciFinder. To date, it is the first systematic review article of such kind, on this plant.

Teachers’ Ontological Perspectives of Computational Thinking and Assessment: A Text Mining Approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 073563312110435
Author(s):  
Rina P.Y. Lai
Keyword(s):  
Text Mining ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Computational Thinking ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Graph Theoretic ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Significant Step ◽  
Representation Method ◽  
A Minor

As a dynamic and multifaceted construct, computational thinking (CT) has proven to be challenging to conceptualize and assess, which impedes the development of a workable ontology framework. To address this issue, the current article describes a novel approach towards understanding the ontological aspects of CT by using text mining and graph-theoretic techniques to elucidate teachers’ perspectives collected in an online survey (N = 105). In particular, a hierarchical cluster analysis, a knowledge representation method, was applied to identify sub-groups in CT conceptualization and assessment amongst teachers. Five clusters in conceptualization and two clusters in assessment were identified; several relevant and distinct themes were also extracted. The results suggested that teachers attributed CT as a competence domain, relevant in the problem- solving context, as well as applicable and transferrable to various disciplines. The results also shed light on the importance of using multiple approaches to assess the diversity of CT. Overall, the findings collectively contributed to a comprehensive and multi-perspective representation of CT that refine both theory and practice. The methodology employed in this article has suggested a minor but significant step towards addressing the quintessential questions of “what is CT?” and “how is it evidenced?”.

Determinants of conflict in channel relationships: a meta-analytic review

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 911-930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dheeraj Sharma ◽  
Biswajita Parida
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Composite Model ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Channel Conflict ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Channel Relationships ◽  
Analytic Review

Purpose The advent of the internet, digitization and e-commerce has changed the definition of business territory, re-invented direct selling, eradicated middle men and brought the customers and sellers closer. These changes in the business scenario must have had an impact on the intensity and nature of channel conflict which needs to be inspected to structure better channel relationship strategies in the changing context. This paper aims to attempt a systematic investigation into the determinants of channel conflict in today’s context and proposes a composite model by reconciling the research so far in the domain of channel relationships. Design/methodology/approach An exhaustive search was carried for extant research finding in the channels resulting in the identification of 284 research papers beyond the meta-analysis by Geyskens et al. (1999). The next step was to manually scan through each of these papers to identify the studies which involved quantitative analysis including measures of association such as correlations related to conflict and the determinants of conflict. This led to the finalization of 36 research papers for the meta-analysis. Findings This study proffers a model that illustrates ranking of major determinants of channel conflict. The results of the study suggest that determinants can be categorized into three major domains: organizational, interpersonal (communication, cooperation, relationship activities and opportunistic behaviour) and environmental factors (environmental volatility, competitive intensity and product or market volatility). Research limitations/implications The analysis is based on static data in the sense that the correlations do not reflect supplier-channel member interactions in specific conflict situations. It may be argued that conflicts ultimately occur among firms/businesses run by individuals and individual traits may also impact the formation and resolution of conflict. Further, the quality of the measures capturing the constructs was not investigated in many studies. Final limitation pertains to the measurement of conflict. Conflict may not have been measured in a uniform manner in each of the studies analysed. As this study has evaluated extant research through a meta-analysis, it was not possible to identify the correlations between the determinant variables and the three factors (or constructs). Practical implications This study reconciles different research streams in this domain with the visualization of the composite model. It presents a quantitative analysis of the correlations of the determinants of conflict with channel conflict holistically. It creates a base through the composite model to carry forward the academic discussion in this domain holistically. It aims to be a ready reference for understanding the antecedents of conflict along with their significant correlations to enable prioritization of their channel strategies. Social implications This meta-analysis and the suggested model that may be of use to practitioners in terms of prioritizing their activities to reduce channel conflicts through pre-emption. It is hoped that this study enhances the extant understanding of the determinants of channel conflict considerably based on the presented composite model. The results may assist to resolve channel conflicts, create channel synergies, identify optimal channel mix, reduce channel costs, increase channel efficiency and build partnerships in the changing business scenario. Originality/value A holistic view of the determinants of conflict would be of enormous use to practitioners and academics alike. Hence, a detailed study is required to enlist and categorize the determinants causing conflict in channels so that an attempt can be made to resolve channel conflict for better performance of the firms. This meta-analysis study is an attempt to fill this major gap in research in this domain to quantitatively analyse the major determinants of channel conflict on the basis of analysis of research work over the past 15 years.

scholarly journals The level of the skills of scientific thinking and mathematical thinking among the students of the primary stage: مستوى مهارات التفكير العلمي والتفكير الرياضي لدى طالبات المرحلة الإبتدائية

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilham Bent Ali Al Shalabi ◽  
Shatha bint Ahmed Al Khalifa
Keyword(s):  
School Environment ◽  
Mathematics Curriculum ◽  
Mathematical Thinking ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Scientific Thinking ◽  
Primary Stage ◽  
Sixth Grade Students ◽  
Training Courses ◽  
And Mathematics

The purpose of this study was to know the level of scientific thinking skills and the level of mathematical thinking skills. Is there a correlation between the skills of scientific thinking and the mathematical thinking skills of sixth grade students? A study was used to measure the level of scientific and athletic thinking skills. The sample consisted of 455 sixth grade students The total number of female students was 29,680. The descriptive descriptive approach was used to find the relationship between the level of the skills of scientific thinking and mathematical thinking. The most important results of the study were that the level of scientific and sports thinking skills was medium And the level of skills of mathematical thinking, as the higher the level of scientific thinking skills, the higher the level of mathematical thinking skills among students in the sixth grade of primary The study presented several recommendations, the most important of which are the holding of training courses for teachers during the service to train them to employ thinking and skills and train teachers to design scientific positions and implants within the curriculum and address the weakness and lack of thinking skills that appear during teaching and the development of teachers Wu The most important proposals of the study are the study of the auxiliary aspects and the obstacles to the teaching of thinking in the school environment, the extent to which teachers are aware of the skills of thinking and whether they are integrated and taught through teaching, analysis of the content of science and mathematics curriculum developed for the primary stage to learn Availability of basic thinking skills in curricula.

scholarly journals Kecakapan Berpikir Dalam Konteks Pendekatan Pembelajaran Pada Kurikulum Sekolah Di Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (01) ◽  
pp. 63-84
Author(s):  
Marwan Salahuddin ◽  
Fatimatul Asroriyah
Keyword(s):  
Learning Process ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
School Curriculum ◽  
Learning Activities ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
Scientific Thinking ◽  
Thinking Process ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Previous Learning

The thinking skills are indispensable in the context of the learning approach, as it is a scientific thinking process aimed at growing the expected personality. It also affects the learning process and the ability to develop its goals through strengthening attitudes, skills and knowledge in an integrated way. The process includes activities: observing, asking, trying, reasoning, and communicating. In the course of the school curriculum in Indonesia and its learning process, the strengthening of cognitive and skill aspects is still dominant, while the attitude (spiritual and social) is still lacking, but this attitude will support the learning activities oriented to cultivation of character. Because the curriculum and the previous learning process still appear to be opposite and have not indicated the process of achieving competence in the attitude aspect, the curriculum of the school applied today is tailored to that need. So as to accommodate the elements of personality that include: beliefs, values, and behavior as a whole.

scholarly journals It’s good to talk! Reflective Discussion Forums to support and develop Reflective Practice among Pre-Hospital Emergency Care Practitioners in Ireland.

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris O'Connor ◽  
Joe O'Hara
Keyword(s):  
Reflective Practice ◽  
Emergency Care ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Discussion Forum ◽  
Discussion Forums ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Hospital Emergency ◽  
Confidentiality Agreement

<p><strong>Background</strong></p><p>Since the mid 1980’s, reflective practice has become formally acknowledged and adopted as a key strategy for learning and has become one of the cornerstones of medical education for doctors, nurses, and many of the allied healthcare professions. In the education of pre-hospital emergency care practitioners in Ireland, it is only in the last decade that the notion of reflective practice has been tentatively approached.  Indeed until recently it has largely been ignored by practitioners and educators alike, who have been slow to engage with this new way of learning. This paper explores the attitudes of practitioners to the use of a reflective discussion forum to encourage and support reflection and reflective practice among pre-hospital emergency care practitioners in Ireland.  It also examines the experiences of practitioners who participated in a collaborative reflective discussion forum.</p><p><strong>Literature</strong></p><p>The research was informed by reviewing literature from a number of areas including:  Adult Learning, Reflective Practice, Educational Research directly relating to Emergency Medical Services (EMS), and EMS &amp; Nursing Journals and publications.</p><p><strong>Methodologies</strong></p><p>This paper is part of a larger project which consisted of three cycles of action research.  Data was collected via an online survey questionnaire, and by conducting a series of semi-structured interviews with participants in the reflective discussion forum.  These included all three clinical levels of pre-hospital emergency care practitioners and the three hierarchical levels within the organisation.</p><p><strong>Findings</strong></p><p>The collaborative reflective discussion forum was found to be beneficial.  Among the benefits cited were, the opportunity to draw on the experience of more experienced colleagues, the development of critical thinking skills, and the potential for use as part of a mentoring process.  It was also felt that the collaborative nature of the forum had the potential to improve workplace relationships through the empowerment of the staff. Concerns were raised regarding the potential for abuse and misuse, particularly in relation to the areas of patient confidentiality and a lack of trust within organisations.</p><p><strong>Recommendations</strong></p><p>The establishment of a regular Reflective Discussion Forum within organisations as a key learning strategy. Any collaborative forum must be chaired by a trusted, experienced and highly skilled facilitator. A learning contract for all participants and faculty, including a confidentiality agreement, must be in place prior to the establishment of any collaborative forum.</p>

scholarly journals Common Serbian stereotypes about Persians

2020 ◽  
pp. 579-597
Author(s):  
Ivana Gligorijevic
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Word Association ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Word Association Test ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
The Common ◽  
Affective Meanings ◽  
The Given

In this paper, we analyze the reactions collected in a word association test. A total of 654 respondents participated. The test included twelve stimuli related to Oriental peoples, languages and countries. The test was done through an online survey. The respondents cited words or word groups that first came to their minds while reading the given stimuli. We aimed to answer the question: what our knowledge of Oriental peoples is based on and what stereotypesand prejudices we hold about them. The attention is paid to two of the stimuli from the test - Persians and Persian. We look at the frequency and the variety of respondents? reactions. Furthermore, we analyze groups of reactions that belong to the same thematic field. Our results were compared with other ethnonymsfrom the same association test, which had previously been analyzed in other research papers. The most frequent reaction was carpet/carpets, due to the common collocation Persian carpet. Frequent reactions to Iran/Iranians, history and historical figures were also found. The most significant thematic fields are the following: war, history, intellectual and cultural heritage, religion, politics and numerous positive and neutral judgments and attitudes. Therefore, it seems that our stereotypes, judgments, and attitudes about Persians are based on secondary sources, rather than primary. As a result, they lack affective meanings and negative connotations. According to respondents? reactions, Persians are seen as ancient warriors, founders of an old culture and civilization, a nation with a rich cultural and intellectual heritage, descendants of significant historical figures and holders of many qualities, such as wit, wisdom, dignity, nobility, and other.

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