The Battle of Manila, February 4–5, 1899

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-126
Author(s):  
Wayne E. Lee ◽  
David L. Preston ◽  
David Silbey ◽  
Anthony E. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Guerrilla Warfare ◽  
Western Power

Narrates the fighting between Filipino insurrectos and the American regular and volunteer troops deployed to the Philippines to fight the Spanish. Spanish surrender and American ambitions ultimately led to a conventional battle on the outskirts of Manila. The Battle of Manila marked a turning point in intercultural war. A conventional battle waged using symmetrical tactics, it was one of the encounters that showed decisively that, with some exceptions, non-western forces could no longer stand on the battlefield against a western power. In the battle itself, American racist attitudes combined with experience fighting Indians to dominate American tactics and the soldiers’ experience of combat. For their part, Filipino forces were defined in many ways by the patron system through which they were recruited, which undermined the overall cohesion and effectiveness of their army. The Americans won decisively at Manila, but then struggled to adapt when the Filipinos turned to guerrilla warfare.

scholarly journals Nahashon Ngare Rukenya and the Moral Re-Armament in Kenya: The Turning Point and the Post Mau-Mau War Reconstruction (1959–1970)

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julius M. Gathogo
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Guerrilla Warfare ◽  
British Colonialism ◽  
Ecclesiastical History ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Mau Mau ◽  
Political Discourses ◽  
Major Turning Point ◽  
Post War ◽  
Local Populace

Nahashon Ngare Rukenya (1930–1996) was initially a Mau-Mau leader during Kenya’s war of independence (1952–60). Mau-Mau rebels were a militant group that waged guerrilla warfare against British colonialism in Kenya; and was largely seen as anti-Christian, anti-Anglican and anti-Presbyterian. As political advisor to the Mau-Mau, especially in their military offensives, Ngare Rukenya was once waylaid by the colonial forces, captured and detained. His turning point as Mau-Mau leader came when a Christian sect called the Moral Re-Armament (MRA)—founded by an American missionary Dr Frank Buchman in 1938—visited various detention camps to deliver counselling and teaching services. In particular, the MRA taught about the equality of all humans as children of God. They preached peace and reconciliation amongst all people living in colonial Kenya, while using biblical references to support their theological and ecclesiastical positions. After listening to their argumentation—while at Athi River detention camp—Ngare Rukenya’s politics of “land and Freedom” (wiyathi na ithaka—the core theme in Mau-Mau politics), changed to peace, reconciliation and resettlement of post-war Kenya. It re-energised his lay Anglican Church leadership, a church seen as pro-colonialism; hence hated by the local populace. This article sets out to unveil the problem in reference to Ngare Rukenya: How did the MRA influence socio-political discourses and eventually play its role in post Mau-Mau war reconstruction in Kenya (1959–1970)? The article is set on the premise that without Ngare Rukenya’s contribution regarding peace, reconciliation and resettlement, Central Kenya (as epicentre of Mau-Mau rebel activities) would have experienced civil war after colonialism in 1963. Ngare Rukenya and the MRA represent a major turning point in the Kenyan ecclesiastical history. The materials in this presentation are largely gathered through oral interviews, archival researches and limited consultation of published works.

An Island of Killing and Slaughter: Anti-Guerrilla Warfare and Civilian-Targeted Violence in Panay, 1943

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-556
Author(s):  
Kelly Maddox
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Complete Picture ◽  
Guerrilla Warfare ◽  
Military Strategy ◽  
Civilian Population ◽  
Targeted Violence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Resistance Movement ◽  
Scholarly Attention

Between July and December 1943, Japanese forces in Panay, the Philippines, perpetrated large-scale and widespread atrocities that deliberately targeted the civilian populace of the island. Houses were burned, crops destroyed, livestock slaughtered, and thousands of civilians of all ages and genders were killed. These atrocities were employed strategically as part of an anti-guerrilla campaign designed to compel civilians to give up their support for a guerrilla resistance movement which had flourished in Panay since the surrender of USAFFE troops in May 1942. The conduct of Japanese troops during this campaign was a drastic departure from earlier anti-guerrilla efforts which had avoided attacks against the civilian population in favour of pacification policies. In this article, I draw on Japanese, Philippine and US sources to reconstruct the history of anti-guerrilla warfare and civilian-targeted violence in Panay, a case that has received limited scholarly attention, to build a more complete picture of the context in which Japanese strategy shifted so dramatically in 1943. I explore the circumstances in which Japanese commanders decided to employ violence against civilians and offer some insights into the factors that shaped the radicalisation of military strategy useful for understanding atrocities perpetrated by Japanese forces in other contexts.

Comparative Analysis of Structural Transformation Process of Selected Asian Developing Economies

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-24
Author(s):  
Roopali Aggarwal
Keyword(s):  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Productivity Growth ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Labour Productivity Growth

This article tries to analyse country-level variations in the selected Asian developing economies in terms of their growth path and their position in the process of structural transformation in the recent decades, by estimating the turning point (TP) for each country. It also examines the magnitude of the contribution of intersectoral shifts and within-sector productivity gains in the economy-wide labour productivity growth by conducting the shift-share analysis. The results of turning point (TP) estimation show that all these countries had achieved their turning points except the Philippines between 1980 and 2018. However, the productivity increase in agriculture is not evident as their GAP in the year when TP would have been achieved is not even near to zero. Further, the shift-share analysis highlights the contribution of within-sector productivity growth is relatively more than that of intersectoral shifts of labour. Thus, the main concern is to make sure that there is a steady intersectoral movement of labour from low productive to high productive sectors, which can be done primarily through expanding the productive sectors (industry and services) to generate employment opportunities. Also, equally important is increasing the productivity of the agricultural sector so that the process of structural transformation could happen smoothly. For this, the public and private investments in R&D of both agriculture and non-agriculture sectors are highly crucial.

Guerrilla Warfare and the Filipino Resistance on Negros Island in the Bisayas, 1942–1945

1964 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donn V. Hart
Keyword(s):  
The Philippines ◽  
Guerrilla Warfare ◽  
Recent History ◽  
Historic Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Resistance Movement ◽  
Negros Island

The most recent history of the Philippines makes no reference to guerrilla activities or the resistance movement in Negros, although brief comments are included about the rest of the Bisayas. Yet Negrenses, both indigenous and “adopted,” have been unusually active in recording the history of their island during the war years. Recently two additional books were added to the expanding literature on wartime Negros. Since 1946 seven books have been published (one is a mimeographed monograph) on this broad topic for Negros. Unfortunately, many of these sources have not been utilized in more general accounts of occupied Philippines. Probably there is more material on this historic period for Negros than the rest of the Bisayas, with the exception of Leyte.

scholarly journals Colonial experience and the theory of counter-guerrilla warfare in the USA: a symposium of RAND, April 16-20, 1962 as a historic source

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 184-188
Author(s):  
Stanislav Gennad’evich Malkin ◽  
Dmitriy Aleksandrovich Nesterov
Keyword(s):  
Political Action ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Guerrilla Warfare ◽  
Rand Corporation ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Intelligence Gathering ◽  
South Vietnam ◽  
Colonial Experience ◽  
The Usa

This paper analyzes the materials of the symposium held by the RAND Corporation from 16 to 20 April 1962. Its purpose was to generalize the experience of past combat conflicts, which could contribute to an effective fight against insurgents in future conflicts. Twelve military officers of the armies of the United States, Britain, France and Australia participated in this symposium. All of them took part in counter-guerrilla operations around the world - Algeria, China, Greece, Kenya, Laos, Malaya, Oman, South Vietnam and the Philippines. Their rich experience formed the basis of this symposium. The goals and objectives of the symposium, the features of the materials and the biographies of the participants are consecrated in details in the paper. The questions discussed at the meeting are discussed in details. They are characteristics and examples of guerrilla warfare; primary objectives of counterinsurgency and some effective organizational and operational approaches; tactics and techniques of counter-guerrilla warfare; principles and techniques of political action; psychological warfare and civil actions; intelligence and counterintelligence: problems and techniques of intelligence-gathering, and the importance of communications; British campaign in Kenya; selection of personnel for counterinsurgency; special role of the advisor; winning the Counterguerrilla War. The conclusion of the paper shows a special significance of the materials of this symposium for the study of military thought during the Cold War, and especially the influence of the colonial experience of European empires on US foreign policy.

Peace Corps Service as a Turning Point

1994 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerold M. Starr
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Turning Points ◽  
Peace Corps ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Middle Aged Adults ◽  
High Degree

This is a longitudinal study of twenty-one U.S. Peace Corps Volunteers, first interviewed in the mid-1960s during their tour of service in the Republic of the Philippines and then twenty years later as middle-aged adults. Life events reported after their service and the high degree of response agreement in the two interviews confirm that their Peace Corps experience constituted a turning point in their life courses. The study reviews the literature on turning points, proposes an appropriate definition for the concept, identifies conditions that promote turning points, especially for youth, and indicates directions for future research.

scholarly journals International Labour Migration and its Implication in the APEC Region

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-42
Author(s):  
Rashid Amjad
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Labour Migration ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Economic Region ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The World ◽  
Permanent Migration ◽  
International Labour Migration

For those trying to find answers to the large number of unresolved and pressing issues resulting from international labour migration, the economies of APEC and their future development provide an area of very special interest. APEC2 includes amongst its member economies the world’s two largest exporters of labour, namely Mexico and the Philippines, as well as the world’s three largest destinations for permanent migration, namely, the United States, Canada and Australia. It includes economies, which both import as well as export labour and economies which have passed through the “turning point” or transition from a labour exporting to a labour importing country. It also includes the world’s most populous economy, the People’s Republic of China, which still exercises strict controls on labour migration, a situation, which could change dramatically in the foreseeable future. APEC, including as it does all the major economies in the fastest growing dynamic economic region in the world, is also ideally placed to provide an answer to the growing debate on whether globalisation will accelerate or slow down the present labour migratory pressures.

Disaster Medicine Training in the Philippines

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (S2) ◽  
pp. S27
Author(s):  
Teodoro Javier Herbosa
Keyword(s):  
The Philippines ◽  
Disaster Medicine
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