The Importance of Visual Attention and Perception in Journalism

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-86
Author(s):  
Catherine Thompson ◽  
Sharon Coen
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
Audience Engagement ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Attention And Perception ◽  
The Way

In this chapter, psychological theories of visual perception and attention are considered in relation to journalism. First, the chapter discusses so-called limited capacity processing—that is, humans are limited in the amount of information they can process at any one time. Next, journalists’ use of visual images is discussed. Although a picture ‘may be worth a thousand words’ (or more), journalists also need to take account of so-called ‘wishful seeing’—that people may see only what they want to see. The chapter then considers the phenomenon of ‘priming’ in relation to the way in which a story is framed, which may trigger particular concepts or stereotypes (positive or negative). Finally, the chapter considers emotional processing within journalism—how an individual’s emotional state may impact on their perceptions of a story, and how journalists may utilize emotion to influence audience engagement and comprehension.

Exploratory Discoveries from Eye-Tracking Tests of Wertheimer’s Gestalt Patterns

Leonardo ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Xinran Hu ◽  
Dinko Bačić
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Closure Principle ◽  
Critical Difference ◽  
Gestalt Principles ◽  
Fundamental Distinction ◽  
Attention And Perception ◽  
Tracking Technology

In this study, we use a novel eye-tracking technology to determine how viewing behavior complies with Wertheimer’s descriptions of Gestalt principles of similarity, proximity, continuation, and closure. Our results show that viewers respond predictably to the most Gestalt principles, while discovering important nuances when it comes to our better understanding of the role of visual attention in closure principle and competing principles. In addition, our results revealed a fundamental distinction between visual attention and visual perception. By grasping this critical difference between attention and perception, designers may become more successful in applying Gestalt principles to their design.

Reading Martin Jane’s “Skopic Regimes of Modernity”

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vyara Popova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Italian Renaissance ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Visual Research ◽  
Renaissance Painting ◽  
The Way

The work builds on Martin Jane’s text “Skopic Regimes of Modernity” and follows the set rhythm. Text has a fund of physical, physiological, psychological, artistic, and artistic knowledge as a broad culturalgnoseological network of information tendentiously put into the notes; it produces a resource for constantly correlating meaningfully and referring to it focuses on their own visual research issues. In this way, it can bring the vision of a dominant sense to perception in no way as conception, presentation, understanding of reality, and the way this visual perception is expressed in the Italian Renaissance painting and in the Flemish one from the 17th century.

scholarly journals PENGUATAN PENGELOLAAN BACK OFFICE E-COMMERCE UNTUK PENINGKATAN KAPASITAS UKM DI KOTA SAMARINDA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zaini ◽  
Riyadi Riyadi
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Transaction Processing ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
Application System ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Front Office ◽  
Back Office ◽  
The Way

The low business capacity of SMEs is the result of the majority of SMEs (93.33%) still being managed traditionally. The limited capacity of SMEs can be overcome if SMEs are willing and able to change the way their business is managed, which is still traditionally replaced with web-based information technology, which is able to manage business and transaction processing without limits on space and time, such as the Prestashop back office application system. This application provides 2 types of modules, namely Back Office which consists of purchasing, sales, inventory, cash and bank modules, Front Office which functions as cash sales, so it is very easy to use by SMEs.

scholarly journals Form, set organization and visual attention in illusory contours perception

Psihologija ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasilije Gvozdenovic
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
Illusory Contours ◽  
Target Figure ◽  
Simple Detection ◽  
The Way

Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, University of Belgrade The aim of the study was the investigation of form, spatial set organization and visual attention in visual search of illusory contours. Three visual search experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, where the simple detection procedure was used, subject's task was to detect square among vertical and horizontal lines. Other experiments investigated visual search of illusory contours in four different set organizations. Introduction of set organization was the way of manipulation of target's eccentricity among other elements. Analysis showed different type of search of the regular and the illusory square figure. The search profile of the regular square proved to be parallel, while all the searches of the illusory squares remained serial. Set organization had important role in visual search of illusory contours. Regardless of serial profile, visual search was faster in cases where target figure was more salient due to the background elements organization.

scholarly journals Engineering Emotionally Intelligent Agents

2011 ◽  
pp. 99-117
Author(s):  
Penny Baillie ◽  
Mark Toleman ◽  
Dickson Lukose
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Intelligent Agents ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Changing Environment ◽  
Emotionally Intelligent ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Way

Interacting with intelligence in an ever-changing environment calls for exceptional performances from artificial beings. One mechanism explored to produce intuitive-like behavior in artificial intelligence applications is emotion. This chapter examines the engineering of a mechanism that synthesizes and processes an artificial agent’s internal emotional states: the Affective Space. Through use of the affective space, an agent can predict the effect certain behaviors will have on its emotional state and, in turn, decide how to behave. Furthermore, an agent can use the emotions produced from its behavior to update its beliefs about particular entities and events. This chapter explores the psychological theory used to structure the affective space, the way in which the strength of emotional states can be diminished over time, how emotions influence an agent’s perception, and the way in which an agent can migrate from one emotional state to another.

Influence of Movement Expertise on Visual Perception of Objects, Events and Motor Action

2012 ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Essig ◽  
Oleg Strogan ◽  
Helge Ritter ◽  
Thomas Schack
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Saliency Map ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Perceptual Skills ◽  
Control Learning

Various computational models of visual attention rely on the extraction of salient points or proto-objects, i.e., discrete units of attention, computed from bottom-up image features. In recent years, different solutions integrating top-down mechanisms were implemented, as research has shown that although eye movements initially are solely influenced by bottom-up information, after some time goal driven (high-level) processes dominate the guidance of visual attention towards regions of interest (Hwang, Higgins & Pomplun, 2009). However, even these improved modeling approaches are unlikely to generalize to a broader range of application contexts, because basic principles of visual attention, such as cognitive control, learning and expertise, have thus far not sufficiently been taken into account (Tatler, Hayhoe, Land & Ballard, 2011). In some recent work, the authors showed the functional role and representational nature of long-term memory structures for human perceptual skills and motor control. Based on these findings, the chapter extends a widely applied saliency-based model of visual attention (Walther & Koch, 2006) in two ways: first, it computes the saliency map using the cognitive visual attention approach (CVA) that shows a correspondence between regions of high saliency values and regions of visual interest indicated by participants’ eye movements (Oyekoya & Stentiford, 2004). Second, it adds an expertise-based component (Schack, 2012) to represent the influence of the quality of mental representation structures in long-term memory (LTM) and the roles of learning on the visual perception of objects, events, and motor actions.

Vision

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nico Orlandi
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Psychological Process ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Vision Science ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Black Surface ◽  
Obvious Manner

Why do things look to us as they do? This question, formulated by psychologist Kurt Koffka, identifies the main problematic of vision science. Consider looking at a black cat. We tend to see both the cat and its colour as the same at different times. Despite the ease with which this perception occurs, the process by which we perceive is fairly complex. The initial stimulation that gives rise to seeing, consists in a pattern of light that projects on the retina – a light-sensitive layer of the eye. The so-called ‘retinal image’ is a two-dimensional projection that does not correspond in any obvious manner to the way things look. It is not three-dimensional, coloured and shaped in a similar fashion to the objects of our experience. Indeed the light projected from objects is not just different from what we see, it is also both continuously changing and ambiguous. Because the cat moves around, the light it reflects changes from moment to moment. The cat’s projection on the retina correspondingly changes in size. We do not, however, see the cat as changing in size. We tend to see it as size-constant and uniformly coloured through time. How do we explain this constancy? Along similar lines, the cat’s white paws cause on the retina a patch of light that differs in intensity from the rest. This patch could also be caused by a change in illumination. A black surface illuminated very brightly can look like a white surface illuminated very dimly. This means that the light hitting the retina from the paws is underdetermined – it does not uniquely specify what is present. But, again, we tend to see the paws as consistently white. We do not see them as shifting from being white to being black, but illuminated brightly. How do we explain this stability? A central aim of theories of vision is to answer these questions. The science that attempts to address these queries is interdisciplinary. Traditionally, philosophical theories of vision have influenced psychological theories and vice versa. The collaboration between these disciplines eventually developed into what is now known as cognitive science. Cognitive science includes – in addition to philosophy and psychology – computer science, linguistics and neuroscience. Cognitive scientists aim primarily to understand the process by which we see. Philosophers are interested in this topic particularly as it connects to understanding the nature of our acquaintance with reality. Theories of vision differ along many dimensions. Giving a full survey is not possible in this entry. One useful difference is whether a theory presumes that visual perception involves a psychological process. Psychological theories of vision hold that in achieving perception – which is itself a psychological state – the organism uses other psychological material. Opponents of psychological theories prefer to make reference to physiological, mechanical and neurophysiological explanations.

Appraisal, Coping and High Level Emotions Aspects of Computational Emotional Thinking

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Talanov ◽  
Alexander Toschev
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Psychology ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Computing Systems ◽  
Intelligent Machines ◽  
Thinking Processes ◽  
High Level ◽  
Computational Processes ◽  
The Way

Turing genius anticipated current research in AI field for 65 years and stated that idea of intelligent machines “cannot be wholly ignored, because the idea of 'intelligence' is itself emotional rather than mathematical” (). This is the second article dedicated to emotional thinking bases. In the first article, the authors () created overall picture and proposed framework for computational emotional thinking. They used 3 bases for their work: AI - six thinking levels model described in book “The emotion machine” (). Evolutionary psychology model: “Wheel of emotions” (). Neuroscience (neurotransmission) theory of emotions by Lovheim “Cube of emotions” (). Based on neurotransmitters impact the authors proposed to model emotional computing systems. Current work is dedicated to three aspects left not described in first article: appraisal: algorithm and predicates - how inbound stimulus is estimated to trigger proper emotional response, coping: the way human treat with emotional state triggered by stimulus appraisal and further thinking processes, high level emotions impact on system and its computational processes.

Multimodal Construal of Attitude in the Online City Guide of Guangzhou

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Yinyan Yao ◽  
Manxu Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Visual Images ◽  
Appraisal Theory ◽  
Semiotic Analysis ◽  
Factual Information ◽  
Unique Identity ◽  
The City ◽  
Force Couple ◽  
The Way

This study conducts a social semiotic analysis of the online city guide of Guangzhou. Drawing on Martin’s Appraisal theory with a particular focus on the semantic systems of attitude and graduation, this paper investigates the attitudinal meanings adjusted by graduation in both modes of language and visual images. It is revealed that positive appreciation resources are dominant among the three subsystems of attitude, with the pervasive use of reaction and valuation resources to stimulate tourist desires and promote unique identity of the city. Graduation resources, especially force, couple with attitude resources to upscale the positivity of the attitude and strongly align the readers into the same value position. The language and images in most cases coordinate with each other, with the evaluative meanings of visual images elaborating or extending those of verbal texts, whereas complementary intermodal relation exists in some cases, with the evaluative meanings conveyed by visual images and the verbal texts merely offering factual information. The findings may help to better understand the way online city guides achieve the communicative purposes through multimodal evaluative devices.

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