Ageism

2020 ◽  
pp. 239-274
Author(s):  
Nancy S. Jecker
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Older People ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Age Discrimination ◽  
Subject Selection ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Fair Innings

Chapter 9 explores how ageism and midlife bias find expression in allocating life-saving medical care, selecting subjects for clinical trials, and mandating retirement. Subtle expressions of ageism and midlife bias include epistemic justice, internalized ageism, and elderspeak. Around the globe, ageism is not always directed to older people. We review and rebut the chief arguments for old age-based discrimination, including fair innings, cost-benefit analysis, and complete lives egalitarianism. We raise concerns about using age as a proxy, which can foster ageist attitudes. We show that a common form ageism takes is facially neutral policies that systematically disadvantage older adults. The chapter examines “the puzzle of age discrimination,” which is the tendency to oppose race and sex discrimination more strongly than age discrimination and argues that this tendency is unjustified. We rebut age discrimination by appealing to justice between generations, fair subject selection, and respect for dignity.

Young Children's Attitudes and Perceptions of Older Adults

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 205-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Lee Burke
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Elementary Schools ◽  
Older People ◽  
Age Discrimination ◽  
Attitude Formation ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Work Settings ◽  
Attitudes And Perceptions ◽  
Children's Attitudes

Children ages four to seven judged relative ages of unfamiliar adults from photographs and chose photographs of adults in response to sociometric items. Age discrimination was highly accurate by age six. Children identified older adults as sad, lonely and not busy, but older adults were bypassed on items like “knows a lot” and preferences for teachers. In interviews, most of the children accurately identified older people by relying on physiognomic cues. Most described their grandparents as examples of known older people and expressed positive views of the activities they share. Images of passivity, and of older people engaged in domestic, but not “outside” work were also present. Children's attitudes were found to parallel those held by older adults in recent polls; older children in the sample were more likely to hold stereotypical images. Two-thirds of the children preferred not to grow old. Contact of children with older adults other than their grandparents was limited, especially in work settings or schools. It was concluded that deliberate programming in preschools and elementary schools is important to offset early ageist attitude formation.

Spatial Measurement of Mobility Barriers: Improving the Environment of Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Taiwan

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yen-Jong Chen ◽  
Rodney H. Matsuoka ◽  
Kun-Cheng Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Fear Of Falling ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Activity Increase ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Mobility Barriers ◽  
Community Dwelling Older Adults

Mobility barriers can impede physical activity, increase the fear of falling, and pose a threat to the ability of older adults to live independently. This study investigated outdoor mobility barriers within a nonretirement public housing community located in Tainan, Taiwan. Site observations and interviews with older adult residents determined that parked motor scooters, potted plants, the rubber tiles of play areas, and a set of steps were the most important barriers. In addition, the space syntax parameters of control value and mean depth were effectively able to quantitatively measure improvements in walkability resulting from the hypothesized removal of these four barriers. These measures of improved walkability can be included in a cost-benefit analysis of spatial improvement factors to help policymakers address the mobility and accessibility needs of older adults.

scholarly journals COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY-BASED SERVICES AS A MEANS OF PROMOTING ACTIVE AGING IN GALILEE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S299-S299
Author(s):  
Shira Hantman
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Active Aging ◽  
Choice Modelling ◽  
Intellectual Activity ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Increase in life expectancy has benefits, but also costs from increased expenses related to morbidity and prevention. These costs may be reduced by adopting a healthier lifestyle. The goal of the study was to quantify the economic value of a variety of activities in which older adults partake: e.g. cultural, intellectual, physical and nutritional activities. Research questions: Are the monetary benefits of improved health different when measured on a subjective willingness-to-pay (WTP) approach or on an objective Cost-of-Illness (COI) approach? Is the monetary benefit of active aging larger than the cost associated in doing that? 300 older adults participating in various activities of the local senior center and a control group not participating filled out a life style survey. A choice modelling (CM) approach estimated a subjective monetary welfare and compared it to an objective measure of benefit associated with the occurrence of different health symptoms associated with more active aging. An association was found between the various activities explored and the objective and subjective perspective of health. Moreover, all older adult activities passed the cost benefit test albite the order was different between objective and subjective estimations. Nutrition related activities were found to be the most beneficial. Cultural activity ranked second objectively and subjectively. Intellectual activity ranked last objectively and physical activity ranked last subjectively. Participants will understand the need to provide optimal policy and efficient resource distribution between the various activities offered to older adults. This will result in better health lowering public health expenditures.

E-Health for Older Adults

2013 ◽  
pp. 229-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane O’Hanlon ◽  
Alan Bourke ◽  
Valerie Power
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Older People ◽  
Independent Living ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Political Support ◽  
International Level ◽  
Provision Of Care ◽  
Further Development

e-Health has become a major focus for research in healthcare, with significant funding and political support at an international level. Older people stand to benefit more than others, as e-Health aims to facilitate provision of care at a distance and promote independent living for as long as possible. However, barriers remain including an immature evidence-base; questions about risk and safety; and variable rates of uptake in this population. This chapter explores these issues and reviews the literature on e-Health for older adults. Successful clinical trials are identified and the e-CAALYX project is described in detail as a case study. E-Health has presents many exciting opportunities but needs further development and guidance.

scholarly journals Befriending and Re-ablement Service: a better alternative in an age of austerity

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (1/2) ◽  
pp. 51-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris McGoldrick ◽  
Giles Andrew Barrett ◽  
Ian Cook
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Independent Living ◽  
Research Evaluation ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Great Success ◽  
Ageing Society ◽  
Content Type

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to share the findings of a research evaluation into a Befriending and Re-ablement Service (BARS) which offers a host of positive outcomes such as reduced loneliness and keeping as well as possible for a growing segment of the world’s population. The recent increase in longevity is one of humanity’s great success stories. But ageing comes at a price, and decision takers worry about the stresses and strains of an ageing society. Design/methodology/approach Following a literature review, this paper presents the findings of an evaluation of an alternative innovative form of support for older people, namely BARS, that has been developed on Merseyside. Semi- and unstructured interviews were carried out with stakeholders including service users and carers. A cost-benefit analysis is also reported. Finally the theoretical and policy implications of this research are explored. Findings Befriending and re-ablement officers is both a socially and economically cost effective means of enhancing independent living among older people, reducing loneliness and isolation that can contribute to ill health. The research shows that funding for the BARS scheme should be sustained and expanded, despite or because of the current era of cutbacks in UK and international service provision. Originality/value The paper highlights the value, role and importance of both befriending and re-ablement in a time of acute public and voluntary sector funding pressures. The paper is of value to a range of stakeholder groups such as older people, local and central governments and health care commissioners.

scholarly journals Testing the Foreign Language Effect on Cognitive Reflection in Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1527
Author(s):  
Mariana Vega-Mendoza ◽  
Patrik Hansson ◽  
Daniel Eriksson Sörman ◽  
Jessica K. Ljungberg
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Successful Aging ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Moral Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Reasoning Task ◽  
Cognitive Reflection

An increasing number of people around the world communicate in more than one language, resulting in them having to make decisions in a foreign language on a daily basis. Interestingly, a burgeoning body of literature suggests that people’s decision-making is affected by whether they are reasoning in their native language (NL) or their foreign language (FL). According to the foreign language effect (FLe), people are less susceptible to bias in many decision-making tasks and more likely to display utilitarian cost-benefit analysis in moral decision-making when reasoning in a FL. While these differences have often been attributed to a reduced emotionality in the FL, an emerging body of literature has started to test the extent to which these could be attributable to increased deliberation in the FL. The present study tests whether increased deliberation leads to a FLe on cognitive reflection in a population of older adults (Mage = 65.1), from the successful aging project in Umeå, Sweden. We explored whether performance on a 6-item version of the cognitive reflection test (CRT) adapted to Swedish would differ between participants for whom Swedish was their NL and those for whom Swedish was their FL. The CRT is a task designed to elicit an incorrect, intuitive answer. In order to override the intuitive answer, one requires engaging in deliberative, analytical thinking to determine the correct answer. Therefore, we hypothesized that if thinking in a FL increases deliberation, then those performing the task in their FL would exhibit higher accuracy rates than those performing in their NL. Our results showed that age and level of education predicted performance on the task but performance on the CRT did not differ between the NL and the FL groups. In addition, in the FL group, proficiency in the FL was not related to performance in the CRT. Our results, therefore, do not provide evidence that thinking in a FL increases deliberation in a group of older adults performing a logical reasoning task that is not typically associated with an emotional connotation.

scholarly journals Cost-benefit analysis of vaccination against four preventable diseases in older adults: Impact of an aging population

Vaccine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Carrico ◽  
Sandra E. Talbird ◽  
Elizabeth M. La ◽  
Sara Poston ◽  
Jean-Etienne Poirrier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Aging Population ◽  
Benefit Analysis

scholarly journals A cost/benefit analysis of clinical trial designs for COVID-19 vaccine candidates

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0244418
Author(s):  
Donald A. Berry ◽  
Scott Berry ◽  
Peter Hale ◽  
Leah Isakov ◽  
Andrew W. Lo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Trial Design ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Clinical Trial Design ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Net Benefits

We compare and contrast the expected duration and number of infections and deaths averted among several designs for clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccine candidates, including traditional and adaptive randomized clinical trials and human challenge trials. Using epidemiological models calibrated to the current pandemic, we simulate the time course of each clinical trial design for 756 unique combinations of parameters, allowing us to determine which trial design is most effective for a given scenario. A human challenge trial provides maximal net benefits—averting an additional 1.1M infections and 8,000 deaths in the U.S. compared to the next best clinical trial design—if its set-up time is short or the pandemic spreads slowly. In most of the other cases, an adaptive trial provides greater net benefits.

scholarly journals How long should older people take antidepressants to prevent relapse?

2002 ◽  
Vol 24 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 70-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Spear
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Older People ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Psychotherapeutic Interventions ◽  
Risk Of Relapse

Patients with depressive disorder have a high risk of relapse after recovery from a depressive episode. Can the relapse of depressive disorder be prevented or delayed for older adults? This paper reviews the evidence from randomised clinical trials and open label trials of the effectiveness of maintenance antidepressant therapy for older adults with depressive disorder. It also examines the evidence for the effectiveness of psychosocial and psychotherapeutic interventions. The paper concludes with recommendations for clinical practice and future research.

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