Justification and Doubt (1919)

2021 ◽  
pp. 16-30
Author(s):  
Samuel Andrew Shearn
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Account ◽  
Intellectual Work ◽  
On Certainty ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Point Of Reference ◽  
Key Questions

This chapter addresses the first of the book’s key questions concerning the justification of the doubter: How did Tillich land theologically after the war? This chapter therefore creates a point of reference against which Tillich’s development can be measured. There is a detailed account of Rechtfertigung und Zweifel from 1919, occasionally drawing out contrasts and continuity with the publication of the same title from 1924. Tillich frames the theme as a quest to overcome the division between religious and cultural life, finding unity in one theological principle derived from the doctrine of justification: The principle takes up doubt into itself in believing affirmation of the absolute paradox, i.e. to affirm that doubt does not preclude standing in the truth. In long excursions on certainty and the critique of apologetics as ‘intellectual work’ analogous to works-righteousness, Tillich contrasts his position with Karl Heim (1874–1958) in particular. Against Heim, Tillich insists the doubter should be left with his good truth-conscience since we relate truly to God ‘through unending doubt’.

Derrida and the Legacy of Psychoanalysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Earlie
Keyword(s):  
Digital Technology ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Scientific Discourse ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
The Political ◽  
Critical Thought ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Key Questions

This book offers a detailed account of the importance of psychoanalysis in Derrida’s thought. Based on close readings of texts from the whole of his career, including less well-known and previously unpublished material, it sheds new light on the crucial role of psychoanalysis in shaping Derrida’s response to a number of key questions. These questions range from the psyche’s relationship to technology to the role of fiction and metaphor in scientific discourse, from the relationship between memory and the archive to the status of the political in deconstruction. Focusing on Freud but proposing new readings of texts by Lacan, Torok, and Abraham, Laplanche and Pontalis, amongst other seminal figures in contemporary French thought, the book argues that Derrida’s writings on psychoanalysis can also provide an important bridge between deconstruction and the recent materialist turn in the humanities. Challenging a still prevalent ‘textualist’ reading of Derrida’s work, it explores the ongoing contribution of deconstruction and psychoanalysis to pressing issues in critical thought today, from the localizing models of the neurosciences and the omnipresence of digital technology to the politics of affect in an age of terror.

Part III The Limitations and Role of the Persistent Objector Rule, Conclusion

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Green James A
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
State Practice ◽  
Key Questions

This concluding chapter looks back at the issues outlined here. This book has presented a detailed account of the persistent objector rule seeking to assess the rule's existence and limitations and value in depth. However, this investigation can only go so far. This is because, like customary international law itself, the persistent objector rule has inherent uncertainties at its core. We cannot provide precise answers to at least some of the key questions concerning how the rule functions — for example, exactly how persistent and consistent the objection needs to be — because, in relation to these sorts of questions, there are no precise answers to give. It is hoped, however, that this book has helped to increase the general understanding of this often misunderstood rule. The book, the conclusion states, has aimed to go beyond the scholarly examinations of the rule and to focus on persistent objection ‘in action’ in state practice.

The Rationalizations of Culture and Their Directions

2019 ◽  
pp. 443-463
Author(s):  
Thomas Kemple
Keyword(s):  
Max Weber ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Intellectual Work ◽  
Stefan George ◽  
Plastic Arts ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Private Correspondence ◽  
Cultural Movements ◽  
The Aesthetic

Although Max Weber did not comment extensively or systematically on the literary, visual, and plastic arts, several key statements allow us to reconstruct his views on the rationalization of the aesthetic sphere against the backdrop of the development of Western culture more generally. This chapter outlines this argument with reference to his remarks on art, literature, and cultural life in published writings, speeches, and private correspondence. His allusions to and discussions of specific art historians, cultural critics, cultural movements, artworks, and artists—from Rembrandt and Milton to Stefan George and Leo Tolstoy, for instance—are considered in light of his ideas on the directions of rationalization and their implications for intellectual work (including his own) as itself a kind of cultural practice. Weber’s concern with many dimensions of the rationalization of occidental culture, and of aesthetic culture in particular, has been taken up by later thinkers and has lessons for how we think of the directions of rationalization today.

Doubt and System (1913–14)

2021 ◽  
pp. 153-181
Author(s):  
Samuel Andrew Shearn
Keyword(s):  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Theoretical Principle ◽  
Intellectual Work ◽  
Theoretical Account ◽  
Human Thought ◽  
The Absolute

This chapter presents Tillich’s 1913 systematics as an indication of Tillich’s position in the year preceding the war. The tripartite system (Apologetics, Dogmatics, Ethics) locates theology in a truth-theoretical account where God is the absolute. Human thought is presented as a conflict between intuition and reflection, in need of redemption. Doubt is grounded in truth, and every human is principally justified. Justification is indeed presented as a universal and theoretical principle. However, since distressed thought is redeemed by the absolute paradox, we do not have the justification of the doubter in the same clarity as 1919. The question of whether the systematics constitutes an ‘intellectual work’ is therefore ambivalent, for it exhibits some structural characteristics of Karl Heim’s project. Despite the eschatological qualifications of Tillich’s system, we can begin to see why Tillich may have later found it an embarrassment.

scholarly journals Measuring the One-Way Speed of Light

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Kenneth William Davies
Keyword(s):  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Absolute Velocity ◽  
Moving Frame ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Direction Of Movement ◽  
Measured Speed ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The One ◽  
Point Of Reference

This paper describes a method for determining the one-way speed of light. My thesis is that the one-way speed of light is NOT constant in a moving frame of reference, and that the one-way speed of light in any moving frame of reference is anisotropic, in that its one-way measured speed varies depending on the direction of travel of light relative to the direction of travel and velocity of the moving frame of reference. Using the disclosed method for measuring the one-way speed of light, a method is proposed for how to use this knowledge to synchronize clocks, and how to calculate the absolute velocity and direction of movement of a moving frame of reference through absolute spacetime using the measured one-way speed of light as the only point of reference.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Rachel Manekin
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
High Ranking ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Cultural Life ◽  
Absolute Majority ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Absolute

This chapter focuses on Western Galicia, specifically Kraków, as the main arena in which the stories of the thirty Galician Jewish minor girls that ran away took place. It describes that the majority of female Jewish converts to Catholicism were from villages and small towns in Western Galicia. It also talks about Polish-Catholics that constituted the absolute majority in rural and urban areas in Western Galicia and Kraków, the most important city of the region. The chapter describes Kraków as the center of religious, intellectual, and cultural life in Western Galicia, with an elite class that included conservative academics, high-ranking church and state officials, authors, and artists. It looks at the intention of Jewish females in Western Galicia to convert that set off alarm bells among the Jewish population and generated a debate on the causes of this problem.

Schelling and History (1909–11)

2021 ◽  
pp. 75-103
Author(s):  
Samuel Andrew Shearn
Keyword(s):  
Academic Work ◽  
The Self ◽  
Historical Jesus ◽  
Intellectual Work ◽  
On Certainty ◽  
History Of Religions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
Ernst Troeltsch

This chapter gathers Tillich’s academic work from 1909 to 11, including two dissertations on Schelling and his lecture on certainty and the historical Jesus. Schelling provided Tillich and his modern-positive tradition with a way of thinking about Christianity in the light of the history of religions, after the challenge of Ernst Troeltsch (1865–1923) to separate historical and dogmatic method. Tillich notes Schelling’s insistence that humanity is God-positing regardless of unbelief. It is also significant that Tillich affirms the notion of an undoubtable condition of thought, whether as Schelling’s concept of ‘unpreconceivable being’ or Fichte’s I (das Ich). With Schelling, Tillich sees a wider application for justification than the ethical sphere. However, it is first in the Kassel lecture on the historical Jesus that he connects the idealist notion that knowledge is limited to the self-certainty of the subject with the claim that autonomy is justification in the area of thought. This is expressed as the rejection of the misunderstanding that faith is an intellectual work. This could have been the influence of his Lutheran tradition, encouraged by Schelling. The chapter argues it emerged from Tillich’s engagement with Wilhelm Herrmann (1846–1922).

Shared Intentionality, joint commitment, and directed obligation

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Account ◽  
Joint Commitment ◽  
Shared Intentionality

Abstract Tomasello frequently refers to joint commitment, but does not fully characterize it. In earlier publications, I have offered a detailed account of joint commitment, tying it to a sense that the parties form a “we,” and arguing that it grounds directed obligations and rights. Here I outline my understanding of joint commitment and its normative impact.

Bulk standards for low-temperature biological x-ray microanalysis

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 282-283
Author(s):  
P. Echlin ◽  
M. McKoon ◽  
E.S. Taylor ◽  
C.E. Thomas ◽  
K.L. Maloney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Absolute Concentration ◽  
Cooling Process ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Analytical Procedures ◽  
Electrical Conductors

Although sections of frozen salt solutions have been used as standards for x-ray microanalysis, such solutions are less useful when analysed in the bulk form. They are poor thermal and electrical conductors and severe phase separation occurs during the cooling process. Following a suggestion by Whitecross et al we have made up a series of salt solutions containing a small amount of graphite to improve the sample conductivity. In addition, we have incorporated a polymer to ensure the formation of microcrystalline ice and a consequent homogenity of salt dispersion within the frozen matrix. The mixtures have been used to standardize the analytical procedures applied to frozen hydrated bulk specimens based on the peak/background analytical method and to measure the absolute concentration of elements in developing roots.

A Quantitative Ultrastructural Study of Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes Containing Parallel Tubular Arrays in Epstein-Barr Virus and Cytomegalo-Virus Mononucleosis

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 454-455
Author(s):  
C. M. Payne ◽  
P. M. Tennican
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Absolute Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
Clinical State ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Tubular Arrays

In the normal peripheral circulation there exists a sub-population of lymphocytes which is ultrastructurally distinct. This lymphocyte is identified under the electron microscope by the presence of cytoplasmic microtubular-like inclusions called parallel tubular arrays (PTA) (Figure 1), and contains Fc-receptors for cytophilic antibody. In this study, lymphocytes containing PTA (PTA-lymphocytes) were quantitated from serial peripheral blood specimens obtained from two patients with Epstein -Barr Virus mononucleosis and two patients with cytomegalovirus mononucleosis. This data was then correlated with the clinical state of the patient.It was determined that both the percentage and absolute number of PTA- lymphocytes was highest during the acute phase of the illness. In follow-up specimens, three of the four patients' absolute lymphocyte count fell to within normal limits before the absolute PTA-lymphocyte count.In one patient who was followed for almost a year, the absolute PTA- lymphocyte count was consistently elevated (Figure 2). The estimation of absolute PTA-lymphocyte counts was determined to be valid after a morphometric analysis of the cellular areas occupied by PTA during the acute and convalescent phases of the disease revealed no statistical differences.

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