The Return of Global Asymmetries

2021 ◽  
pp. 195-210
Author(s):  
Jean Pisani-Ferry
Keyword(s):  
Economic Relations ◽  
Global Institutions ◽  
International Economic Relations ◽  
Data Flows ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Great Divergence ◽  
Adequate Provision ◽  
Post War ◽  
Late Twentieth Century ◽  
Patterns Of Interaction

`The last three decades have witnessed the reversal of the ‘great divergence’ between the centre and the periphery that characterized the nineteenth century and most of the twentieth. The promise of this ‘great convergence’ was a much more symmetric world where prosperity and power would be much more equally distributed, where nations would abide by a rules-based international order and where effective global institutions would help ensure an adequate provision of global public goods. Economic analysis helped foresee how such a world would function. In contrast to those in vogue in the early post-war decades, the workhorse models for international trade, money, and finance of the late twentieth century all emphasized symmetry in international relations. Countries could be big or small, developed or poor, capital exporters or importers, but the same mechanisms and rules applied to them. It was only a matter of time before they would converge, or possibly trade places. More recent models, however, have started to challenge this benign view. Asymmetries between centre and periphery do matter in the network-based models of trade, investment, and finance that have been developed to account for emerging patterns of interaction. This is even truer of data flows and the networks that structure them. Meanwhile, the centrality of the dominant global currency and the asymmetries that it entails in exchange-rate adjustment are being rediscovered. Today’s world is much more asymmetric than we thought. This change of perspectives has significant implications for international economic relations and for global governance.

The Social Identity of Hosts and Patrons

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christel Lane
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Organizational Identity ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Segregation ◽  
Social Mixing ◽  
The Social ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Post War ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This chapter analyses inns, taverns, and public houses in their social context, exploring their organizational identity and the social positions of their owners/tenants. It examines how patrons express their class, gender, and national identity by participation in different kinds of sociality. Seventeenth- and eighteenth-century hostelries afforded more opportunities for cross-class sociability than in later centuries. Social mixing was facilitated because the venues fulfilled multiple economic, social, and political functions, thereby providing room for social interaction apart from communal drinking and eating. Yet, even in these earlier centuries, each type of hostelry already had a distinctive class character, shaping its organizational identity. Division along lines of class hardened, and social segregation increased in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, up to World War II. In the post-War era, increased democratization of society at large became reflected in easier social mixing in pubs. Despite this democratization, during the late twentieth century the dominant image of pubs as a working-class institution persisted.

The G7 Summit and the Reform of Global Institutions

1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 492-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Bayne
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Domestic Policy ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Global Institutions ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
International Economic Relations ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
National Governments

IN MY GOVERNMENT AND OPPOSITION/LEONARD SCHAPIRO lecture in 1993 I attempted an incomplete analysis of international economic relations after the end of the cold war, in particular the unexpected tensions and difficulties. The end of superpower confrontation had not only removed one incentive for Western countries to settle their economic disputes. It had also lowered the priority given to security issues, where national governments were in control, and had exposed their dwindling ability to take economic decisions, because of the extent of the interdependence which was the price paid for their prosperity. I could not think of a single area of domestic policy immune from international influence. Professor Susan Strange has developed a more trenchant analysis of this trend in her Government and Opposition/Leonard Schapiro lecture this year.

‘A Victorian community overseas’ transformed: demographic and morphological change in suburban Melbourne, Australia, 1947–1981

Urban History ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-482
Author(s):  
SEAMUS O’HANLON
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Morphological Change ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Building Industry ◽  
Victorian Era ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Post War ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

ABSTRACTOne of the world's great Victorian-era suburban metropolises, Melbourne, Australia, was transformed by mass immigration and the redevelopment of some of its older suburbs with low-rise flats and apartments in the post-war years. Drawing on a range of sources, including census material, municipal rate and valuation books, immigration and company records, as well as building industry publications, this article charts demographic and morphological change across the Melbourne metropolitan area and in two particular suburbs in the mid- to late twentieth century. In doing so, it both responds to McManus and Ethington's recent call for more histories of suburbs in transition, and seeks to embed the role of immigration and immigrants into Melbourne's urban historiography.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
pp. 222-234
Author(s):  
Stuart Aveyard ◽  
Paul Corthorn ◽  
Sean O’Connell
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Consumer Credit ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
European Consumer ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

The long-term perspective taken by The Politics of Consumer Credit in the UK affords fresh evidence on a number of significant historical debates. It indicates that Britain’s departure from pathways followed in other European consumer credit markets was not simply a by-product of neo-liberalism’s influence on late-twentieth-century governments. It has also allowed us to offer important contributions on questions such as the impact of political ideologies over policymaking, the validity of a right–left framework for analysing politics, the extent to which a post-war consensus existed (and was broken after 1979), and the question of how adept British political parties were in exploiting the emergence of a more affluent electorate....

The City of London and the Politics of ‘Invisibles’

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aled Davies
Keyword(s):  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Industrial Economy ◽  
Financial Centre ◽  
The Social ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Post War ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
City Of London ◽  
The City ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This chapter considers the resurgence of the City of London as an international financial centre in the late twentieth century. It highlights the role played by a campaign to promote the revival of the City as a post-sterling international financial centre. The Committee on Invisible Exports campaigned for the recognition of the City’s contribution to Britain’s balance of payments through its ‘invisible earnings’, and argued that this could be increased by reducing impediments on its activities. The invisibles campaign was a distinct product of the post-war preoccupation with the balance of payments, which challenged the fundamental belief, embedded in economic policy since the war, that the route to national prosperity was in expanding industrial production. The campaign sought to reconceptualize Britain as a historic commercial and financial, rather than industrial, economy. In doing so it undercut a core principle on which the social democratic political–economic project was based.

Making miners militant?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheryl Bernadette Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
The Political ◽  
Annual Conference ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
National Union ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

The Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) was a visible presence across many significant trade unions in the post-war period, largely due to its industrial strategy. The party envisaged that politicising the rank and file of important trade unions and also capturing the leadership of these unions would allow it to influence the Labour Party, as these unions held a significant number of votes at Labour's annual conference. This chapter analyses the success of this strategy in the National Union of Mineworkers, a union that became increasingly emblematic of the difficulties trade unions faced in the late twentieth century, particularly obvious through its 1984 strike. This chapter considers the relationship between Communists in the party and those in the union, exploring the extent to which the party's strategy translated into the union in practice, and understanding if there was any conflict between these two groups who occupied distinctly different roles. Unpicking the concept of 'wage militancy', the way through which the party felt politicisation of the union rank and file would best be achieved, the chapter frames this discussion within the broader context of the increasingly divided CPGB, the political and economic policies of Labour and Conservative governments, and the union's national strikes.

scholarly journals La ordenación territorial de Extremadura en el ámbito de la EUROACE = Spatial planning of Estremadura in the field of EUROACE

2017 ◽  
pp. 269
Author(s):  
Víctor Jiménez Barrado
Keyword(s):  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Regional Interest ◽  
Logical Sequence ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Territory Management ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

<p>Desde la creación de la Eurorregión Alentejo-Centro-Extremadura (EUROACE) en 2009, la ordenación territorial de la Comunidad Autónoma extremeña debe considerar un nuevo marco espacial inmediato de relaciones socioeconómicas más amplio y a escala transnacional. Las políticas europeas de cooperación territorial, iniciadas en las postrimerías del siglo XX, han permitido la aparición de sinergias que, hasta entonces, las fronteras nacionales habían impedido. La Iniciativa INTERREG es, sin duda, el pilar fundamental de esta colaboración entre las regiones de los países comunitarios, que con los cinco periodos de programación existentes cumplirá tres décadas. En este nuevo contexto, la región extremeña aprobó la Ley 15/2001, de 14 de diciembre, del Suelo y Ordenación Territorial de Extremadura (LSOTEX), aunque su aplicación íntegra y efectiva no ha tenido lugar. La coherencia de un modelo teórico de planificación territorial prevalente sobre la ordenación urbanística no se ha traspuesto a la realidad. El problema radica no sólo en el exiguo ritmo de aprobación de los instrumentos de planeamiento, sino también en la aparición de éstos fuera de una secuencia espacial y temporal lógica. De esta forma, la ordenación del territorio extremeño comenzó por los Proyectos de Interés Regional (PIR), empleados de manera aislada, aunque muy prolífica, y con mayores implicaciones urbanísticas que territoriales. Posteriormente, la aprobación de Planes Territoriales (PT) ha resultado escasa y descoordinada por la ausencia del modelo territorial que las inéditas Directrices de Ordenación Territorial (DOT) deben proponer. Por lo tanto, Extremadura tiene que explorar caminos diferentes en este ámbito, que muy posiblemente signifiquen desandar lo recorrido y constituir un nuevo cuerpo legal que garantice la congruencia territorial a través de sus instrumentos de planeamiento y contemple su integración en un escenario de relaciones transfronterizas.</p><p>Since the establishment of the Alentejo-Centre-Estremadura Euroregion (EUROACE) in 2009, spatial planning of the Autonomous Community of Estremadura should consider a new immediate spatial framework of wider socio-economic relations and transnational scale. European territorial cooperation policies, begun in the late twentieth century, have allowed the emergence of synergies which, until then, had prevented by national borders. The INTERREG Initiative is, undoubtedly, the key element of this collaboration between the regions of the European Union countries, which will make three decades with the five existing programming periods. In this new context, Estremadura adopted the Law 15/2001, of December 14th, of Spatial Planning and Land of Estremadura (LSOTEX), although its full and effective implementation has not taken place. The consistency of a theoretical model of prevalent land use planning on the urban planning has not been transposed into reality. The problem lies not only in the meager pace of approval of planning instruments, but also in the appearance of these out of a spatial and temporal logical sequence. Thus, frontier territory management began by Regional Interest Projects (RIP), used in isolation, although in very prolific way, and with more urban implications than territorials. Subsequently, the approval of Territorial Plans (TP) has been scarce and uncoordinated by the absence of territorial model, that unpublished Regional Planning Guidelines (RPG) should be proposed. Therefore, Estremadura has to explore different paths in this area, quite possibly means retrace his route and establish a new body of law that guarantees the territorial congruity through their planning tools and considers their integration in a cross-border relations context.</p>

scholarly journals European Urbanities since 1945: A Commentary

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 617-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
SIMON GUNN
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Urban History ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Economic Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Post War ◽  
Housing Estates ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Europe's history since 1945 has most commonly been seen through the prism of international politics and economic change, from post-war reconstruction to late twentieth-century deindustrialisation. Urban history has been tangential to these accounts. Hence Leif Jerram's call to arms in his book Streetlife, published in 2011: ‘it is time to put the where into the what and why of history’. The history of Europe's twentieth century, Jerram declared, happened ‘in the streets and factories, cinemas and nightclubs, housing estates and suburbs, offices and living rooms, shops and swimming baths of Europe's booming cities’.

scholarly journals A ‘forgettable minority’? Psychiatric Institutions and the Intellectually Disabled in Ireland, 1965–84

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Kilgannon
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
News Media ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitals ◽  
Patient Experiences ◽  
Intellectually Disabled ◽  
Psychiatric Institutions ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Post War ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Abstract This article investigates the admission of the intellectually disabled to institutional psychiatric facilities in the Republic of Ireland between 1965 and 1984, using this as a way to explore disability provision and the later years of the state’s congregate mental hospital network. Drawing on institutional documents and news media, it argues that ‘handicap admissions’ continued along an established pattern, while demonstrating how these facilities remained ill-equipped to meet the needs of disabled residents. In doing so, this article begins to address the broader lacuna surrounding intellectual disability within Irish historiography, while complicating an emergent body of work on the ‘deinstitutionalisation’ of the state’s psychiatric hospitals during the late twentieth century. It suggests ways in which institutional records can be used to access patient experiences and highlights the need for further research on intellectual disability, examinations of which can contribute towards the histories of institutionalisation and social policy in post-war Ireland.

Serving ‘the Cause’: Cecil Jackson-Cole and the professionalization of charity in post-war Britain*

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (260) ◽  
pp. 379-397
Author(s):  
Jessica Field
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Business Network ◽  
The Past ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

Abstract This article explores the relationship between faith, business and charity in mid to late twentieth-century Britain by examining the work of Cecil Jackson-Cole, co-founder of Oxfam, founder of Help the Aged, ActionAid and many other charities. Jackson-Cole’s approach to ‘building-up’ a charity accelerated the ongoing professionalization of the sector. This did not, however, represent a complete break from the Christian charity ethos of the past. By examining Jackson-Cole’s faith and its influence on his charity business network and practices, it is possible to see an enduring symbiotic relationship between faith and professionalization in organized charity across the twentieth century.

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