Attributes of Creativity

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Kim
Keyword(s):  
Business Strategy ◽  
Mathematical Problem ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Acceptable Solution ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Education Medical ◽  
Preceding Discussion ◽  
Ultimate Objective

As discussed in the previous chapter, the term problem is used in a general sense to refer to any task that requires resolution. These tasks may range from solving a mathematical problem to formulating a business strategy, from generating an engineering prototype to conceiving an artistic design. A problem is called easy if the identification of an acceptable solution is straightforward. The label of easiness refers to the generation of the solution rather than its implementation. According to this view, finding the average value of a thousand numbers is as easy as calculating the mean of two values, since the procedure is equally straightforward. In contrast, a hard or difficult problem is one whose resolution is not readily discernable. A common source of difficulty lies in the fact that the ultimate objective is not known a priori. This situation is reminiscent of the fictional detective rummaging through a ransacked house. “What are you looking for?” asks his companion. “I don't know—but I'll know it when I find it!” In a more sedate context, the same situation applies to an investigator who wants to develop a science of manufacturing but cannot specify beforehand the nature of such a discipline. Manufacturing is one arena which until recently was regarded as a domain so complex that it would remain only an art rather than a science. A second and perhaps more prevalent difficulty in resolving a problem relates to the route rather than the destination: the desired objective may be known, but not its means of attainment. This situation occurs when an automotive engineer must design an electric car that can travel over 1000 kilometers between battery recharges. It also occurs when a federal committee must develop a policy to contain the outbreak of a new epidemic: it is not clear to what extent emphasis should be placed on public education, medical research, governmental regulation, or other mechanisms for prevention and redress. The resolution of such difficult problems requires a creative approach. In fact, we can summarize the preceding discussion in the following definitions.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENERAPAN PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE STAD TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN PEMECAHAN MASALAH MATEMATIKA

GANEC SWARA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 874
Author(s):  
NURUL AULIA DEWI ◽  
MUHAMMAD IRHAM ◽  
SARWO EDY WIBOWO
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Mathematical Problem ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
T Test ◽  
Mathematical Problem Solving ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Paired Sample ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Before And After

      This study aims to determine the effect of the Type STAD Cooperative Learning model on mathematical problem solving abilities. The data collection technique was obtained by means of a test in the form of description questions and documentation in the form of a list of student names. The research instrument used was 3 pre-test and post-test questions. The data analysis technique used is the normality test, homogeneity, t test with the technique of paired samples t-test and independent t-test.      The results showed that, the paired sample t-test on the problem solving ability before and after treatment with STAD obtained an average value of 50.29 to 83.71 with a significance of 0.000 <0.05. This means that the students' scores before and after STAD learning have differences in the average mathematical problem solving abilities. Based on the results of the paired sample t-test on the ability to solve mathematical problems before and after treatment using conventional learning models, the average value was 44.57 to 75.79 with a significance of 0.000 <0.05. This means that there is a significant increase before and after conventional learning. Based on the results of the independent samples t-test, the mean values were 83.71 and 75.79 with a significance value of 0.009 <0.05. This means that there is a difference in the average problem-solving ability of students in STAD learning with students in conventional learning. It can be concluded that the STAD type of cooperative learning model has an effect on students' problem solving abilities in mathematics.

scholarly journals Implementation of Apriori Algorithm Data Mining for Increase Sales

SinkrOn ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Reza Alfianzah ◽  
Rani Irma Handayani ◽  
Murniyati Murniyati
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Business Strategy ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Data Mining Algorithm ◽  
Sales Data ◽  
The Right ◽  
Or Organization ◽  
Product Sales ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Confidence Value

Any company or organization that wants to survive needs to determine the right business strategy. The product sales data carried out by Lakoe Dessert Pondok Kacang will eventually result in a pile of data, so it is unfortunate if it is not re-analyzed. The products offered vary with a wide variety of products as many as 45 products, to find out the products with the most sales and the relationship between one product and another, one of the algorithms is needed in the data mining algorithm, namely the a priori algorithm to find out, and with the help of the Rapidminer 5 application, with a support value 2,4% and a confidence value 50%, products that customers often buy or are interested in can be found. This study used sales data for March 2020, which amounted to 209 transaction data. From the research, it was found that the item with the name Pudding Strawberry and Pudding Vanilla was the product most purchased by consumers. With knowledge of the most sold products and the patterns of purchasing goods by consumers, Lakoe Dessert Pondok Kacang can develop marketing strategies to market other products by analyzing the profits from selling the most sold products and anticipating running out or empty of stock or materials at a later date.

Introduction

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Kim
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Acceptable Solution ◽  
Theory Of Intelligence ◽  
Creative Solutions ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face

The world around us abounds with problems requiring creative solutions. Some of these are naturally induced, as when an earthquake levels a city or an epidemic decimates a population. Others are products of our own creation, as in the “need” to curb pollution, to develop a theory of intelligence, or to compose works of art. Still others are a combination of both, as in the development of high-yield grains to feed an overpopulated planet, or the maintenance of health in the face of ravaging diseases. The word problem is used in a general sense to refer to any mental activity having some recognizable goal. The goal itself may not be apparent beforehand. Problems may be characterized by three dimensions relating to domain, difficulty, and size. These attributes are depicted in Figure 1.1. The domain refers to the realm of application. These realms may relate to the sciences, technology, arts, or social crafts. The dimension of difficulty pertains to the conceptual challenge involved in identifying an acceptable solution to the problem. A difficult problem, then, is one that admits no obvious solution, nor even a well-defined approach to seeking it. The size denotes the magnitude of work or resources required to develop a solution and implement it. This attribute differs from the notion of difficulty in that it applies to the stage that comes after a solution has been identified. In other words, difficulty refers to the prior burden in defining a problem or identifying a solution, while size describes the amount of work required to implement or realize the solution once it has jelled conceptually. For convenience in representation on a 2-dimensional page, the domain axis may be compressed into the plane of other attributes. The result is Figure 1.2, which presents sample problems to illustrate the two dimensions of difficulty and size. Cleaning up spilled milk is a trivial problem having numerous simple solutions. In contrast, refacing the subway trains in New York City with a fresh coat of paint is a formidable task that could require hundreds of workyears of effort.

Towards Defining Objective Criteria for Assessing the Adequacy of Assumed Axisymmetry and Steadiness of Flows in Rotating Cavities

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Snowsill ◽  
C. Young
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Cavity Flows ◽  
Cyclic Symmetry ◽  
Acceptable Solution ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Rotating Cavity ◽  
Flow Features ◽  
Aero Engines ◽  
Multiple Reference

The need to make a priori decisions about the level of approximation that can be accepted — and subsequently justified — in flows of industrial complexity is a perennial problem for CFD analysts. This problem is particularly acute in the simulation of rotating cavity flows, where the stiffness of the equation set results in protracted convergence times, making any simplification extremely attractive. For example, it is common practice, in applications where the geometry and boundary conditions are axisymmetric, to assume that the flow solution will also be axisymmetric. It is known, however, that inappropriate imposition of this assumption can lead to significant errors. Similarly, where the geometry or boundary conditions exhibit cyclic symmetry, it is quite common for analysts to constrain the solutions to satisfy this symmetry through boundary condition definition. Examples of inappropriate use of these approximating assumptions are frequently encountered in rotating machinery applications — such as the ventilation of rotating cavities within aero-engines. Objective criteria are required to provide guidance regarding the level of approximation that is appropriate in such applications. In the present work, a study has been carried out into: • The extent to which local 3-D features influence solutions in a generally 2-D problem. Criteria are proposed to aid in decisions about when a 2-D axisymmetric model is likely to deliver an acceptable solution. • The influence of flow features which may have a cyclic symmetry that differs from the bounding geometry or imposed boundary conditions (or indeed have no cyclic symmetry). • The influence of unsteady flow features and the extent to which their effects can be represented by mixing plane or multiple reference frame approximations.

scholarly journals Protest Bidders in Contingent Valuation

1992 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Halstead ◽  
A.E. Luloff ◽  
Thomas H. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Contingent Valuation ◽  
Contingent Valuation Method ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Valuation Method ◽  
Significant Bias

Protest bids are often excluded during analysis of contingent valuation method data. It is suggested that this procedure might introduce significant bias. Protest bids are often registered by respondents who may actually place ahigher-orlower-than-average value on the commodity in question but refuse to pay on the basis of ethical or other reasons. Exclusion of protest bids may therefore bias willingness to pay (WTP) results, but the direction of bias is indeterminate a priori.

Regularity results for the 2D critical Oldroyd-B model in the corotational case

2019 ◽  
Vol 150 (4) ◽  
pp. 1871-1913
Author(s):  
Zhuan Ye
Keyword(s):  
Stress Tensor ◽  
Critical Case ◽  
Global Regularity ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Regularity Result ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Classical Solutions ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Time Singularities ◽  
Regularity Results

AbstractThis paper studies the regularity results of classical solutions to the two-dimensional critical Oldroyd-B model in the corotational case. The critical case refers to the full Laplacian dissipation in the velocity or the full Laplacian dissipation in the non-Newtonian part of the stress tensor. Whether or not their classical solutions develop finite time singularities is a difficult problem and remains open. The object of this paper is two-fold. Firstly, we establish the global regularity result to the case when the critical case occurs in the velocity and a logarithmic dissipation occurs in the non-Newtonian part of the stress tensor. Secondly, when the critical case occurs in the non-Newtonian part of the stress tensor, we first present many interesting global a priori bounds, then establish a conditional global regularity in terms of the non-Newtonian part of the stress tensor. This criterion comes naturally from our approach to obtain a global L∞-bound for the vorticity ω.

3-D prestack migration in anisotropic media

Geophysics ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengxin Dong ◽  
George A. McMechan
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Anisotropic Media ◽  
P Wave ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Reverse Time ◽  
Reverse Time Migration ◽  
Prestack Migration ◽  
Time Migration

A three‐dimensional (3-D) prestack reverse‐time migration algorithm for common‐source P‐wave data from anisotropic media is developed and illustrated by application to synthetic data. Both extrapolation of the data and computation of the excitation‐time imaging condition are implemented using a second‐order finite‐ difference solution of the 3-D anisotropic scalar‐wave equation. Poorly focused, distorted images are obtained if data from anisotropic media are migrated using isotropic extrapolation; well focused, clear images are obtained using anisotropic extrapolation. A priori estimation of the 3-D anisotropic velocity distribution is required. Zones of anomalous, directionally dependent reflectivity associated with anisotropic fracture zones are detectable in both the 3-D common‐ source data and the corresponding migrated images.

Toward Defining Objective Criteria for Assessing the Adequacy of Assumed Axisymmetry and Steadiness of Flows in Rotating Cavities

2005 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 708-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Snowsill ◽  
C. Young
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cyclic Symmetry ◽  
Acceptable Solution ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Flow Features ◽  
Computational Fluid Dynamics Cfd ◽  
Aero Engines ◽  
Multiple Reference

The need to make a priori decisions about the level of approximation that can be accepted—and subsequently justified—in flows of industrial complexity is a perennial problem for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysts. This problem is particularly acute in the simulation of rotating cavity flows, where the stiffness of the equation set results in protracted convergence times, making any simplification extremely attractive. For example, it is common practice, in applications where the geometry and boundary conditions are axisymmetric, to assume that the flow solution will also be axisymmetric. It is known, however, that inappropriate imposition of this assumption can lead to significant errors. Similarly, where the geometry or boundary conditions exhibit cyclic symmetry, it is quite common for analysts to constrain the solutions to satisfy this symmetry through boundary condition definition. Examples of inappropriate use of these approximating assumptions are frequently encountered in rotating machinery applications, such as the ventilation of rotating cavities within aero-engines. Objective criteria are required to provide guidance regarding the level of approximation that is appropriate in such applications. In the present work, a study has been carried out into: (i) The extent to which local three-dimensional features influence solutions in a generally two-dimensional (2D) problem. Criteria are proposed to aid in decisions about when a 2D axisymmetric model is likely to deliver an acceptable solution; (ii) the influence of flow features which may have a cyclic symmetry that differs from the bounding geometry or imposed boundary conditions (or indeed have no cyclic symmetry); and (iii) the influence of unsteady flow features and the extent to which their effects can be represented by mixing plane or multiple reference frame approximations.

scholarly journals Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Team Assisted Individualization dengan Strategi Pembelajaran Tugas dan Paksa Terhadap Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah Matematika

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Leonard Leonard ◽  
Kurnia Khaerul Nisa
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Mathematical Problem ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Mathematical Problem Solving ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Problem Solving Skills ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Direct Learning

Kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematika merupakan salah satu tujuan pendidikan nasional di Indonesia, tetapi pencapaiannya masih tergolong rendah. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kuasi eksperimen dengan desain penelitian posstest-only. Pengambilan sampel pada penelitian ini menggunakan teknik purpose sampling. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 60 peserta didik yang terbagi dalam dua kelas (30 kelas eksperimen dan 30 kelas kontrol). Penelitian ini dilakukan di sekolah SMP N 10 Bekasi dan SMP N 26 Bekasi. Kelas eksperimen menggunakan model pembelajaran teamdengan strategi pembelajaran tugas dan paksa, sedangkan kelas kontrol menggunakan pembelajaran . Data yang terkumpul kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji beda rata-rata sampel bebas. Hasil analisis data menunjukan bahwa rata-rata nilai peserta didik yang pembelajarannya menggunakan model pembelajaran team assisted individualization dengan strategi tugas dan paksa lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan rata-rata nilai peserta didik yang pembelajarannya menggunakan model pembelajaran langsung. Kata kunci: Model pembelajaran team assisted individualization, Strategi pembelajaran tugas dan paksa, kemampuan pemecahan masalah matematika   ABSTRACT This research was conducted to determine the effect of team assisted individualization learning models with task learning strategies and forced to the ability to solve mathematical problems. Mathematical problem solving ability is an ability that belongs to the national education goals, but its achievement is still relatively low. The method used in this study is a quasi-experimental method with a poststest-only research design. Sampling in this study uses purpose sampling technique. The study sample consisted of 60 students divided into two classes (30 experimental classes and 30 control classes). This research was conducted in the school of SMP N 10 Bekasi and SMP N 26 Bekasi. The experimental class uses team individualization learning models with task and forced learning strategies, while the control class uses direct learning. The collected data is then analyzed using independent sample t-test. The results of data analysis showed that the average value of students who learned using the team assisted individualization learning model with higher task and forced strategies compared to the average value of students who learned using direct learning models. Keywords: Team assisted individualization learning model, task and forced learning strategies, mathematical problem solving skills                

scholarly journals Information Content Analysis: The Potential for Methane Isotopologue Retrieval from GOSAT-2

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Malina ◽  
Yukio Yoshida ◽  
Tsuneo Matsunaga ◽  
Jan-Peter Muller
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Information Content ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Atmospheric Methane ◽  
Biogenic Methane ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Temporal Averaging ◽  
Methane Source ◽  
Shortwave Infrared

Abstract. Atmospheric methane is comprised of multiple isotopic molecules, with the most abundant being 12CH4 and 13CH4 making up 98 % and 1.1 % of atmospheric methane respectively. It has been shown that is it possible to distinguish between sources of methane (biogenic methane, e.g. marshland or abiogenic methane, e.g. fracking) via a ratio of these main methane isotopologues, otherwise known as the δ13C value. δ13C values typically range between −10 and −80 per mil, with abiogenic sources closer to zero, and biogenic sources showing more negative values. Initially, we suggest that a δ13C difference of 10 per mil is sufficient, in order to differentiate between methane source types, based on this we derive that a precision of 0.25 ppbv on 13CH4 retrievals may achieve the target δ13C variance. Using an application of the well established Information Content Analysis (ICA) technique for assumed clear sky conditions, this manuscript shows that using a combination of the Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) bands on the planned Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT)-2 mission, 13CH4 can be measured with sufficient Information Content (IC) to a precision of between 0.7 and 1.2 ppbv from a single sounding (assuming a total column average value of 19.14 ppbv), which can then be reduced to the target precision through spatial and temporal averaging techniques. We, therefore, suggest that GOSAT-2 can be used to differentiate between methane source types. Large unconstrained ‘a priori’ covariance matrices are required in order to achieve sufficient information content and that varying the solar inclination angle has limited impact on information content or retrieval errors.

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