Apollonia

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde E. Fant ◽  
Mitchell G. Reddish
Keyword(s):  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Philip Ii ◽  
Solid Gold ◽  
Ancient Trade ◽  
Greek History ◽  
Stone Slab ◽  
East And West ◽  
Trade Route ◽  
The City ◽  
Of Greece

Apollonia of Macedonia, a city scarcely known even in Greek history, is on the verge of new prominence as a recent discovery brings its past to light. In the summer of 2000 a farmer digging in his fields near Nea (“new”) Apollonia, 30 miles east of Thessalonica, made an amazing discovery. In the bottom of a trench he found a wreath of thirty solid-gold ivy leaves, decorated with two bunches of grapes, that weighed more than a pound. Only three other wreaths of this type and quality have ever been discovered in all of Greece. Archaeologists from Thessaloniki dated the find at approximately 350 B.C.E., or more than 2,350 years old. (This remarkable wreath is currently on display in the Archaeological Museum in Thessaloniki.) The following day their probings uncovered a statue believed to be an image of the goddess known as the Nike of Samothraki, or the Winged Victory of Samothrace. Subsequently, massive fortifying walls and five towers from the 5th century B.C.E. were uncovered. Likewise, two pottery kilns and sixteen cist (stone slab) graves have been unearthed. Archaeologists now believe that this finding marks the location of ancient Apollonia of Macedonia. More surprising, they estimate its population at 10,000, roughly the same as that of Athens during the same period. The city is believed to have existed from approximately 400 B.C.E. to the 8th century C.E. and to have reached its zenith under Philip II of Macedon, the father of Alexander the Great. The first inhabitants of Apollonia were refugees from the nearby Chalkidiki peninsula who fled that location when it was threatened by Athenian warships during the Peloponnesian War. Prior to the recent discoveries, Apollonia was known only as a station on the ancient trade route between the east and west. King Xerxes of Persia passed through the area in 480 B.C.E. (Herodotus 7.112–115), as did Alexander the Great in his epic journey to the east some 150 years later (Arrian, Anabasis 1.11.4).

Farewell to Freedom

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-28
Author(s):  
Ian Worthington
Keyword(s):  
Classical Period ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Military Establishment ◽  
Philip Ii ◽  
The City

After a survey of Athens at the height of its power in the Classical period, the chapter focuses on the rise to power of Philip II of Macedonia, how he expanded his kingdom, his relations with Athens, and his eventual military establishment of hegemony over Greece. Conditions in the city, especially during the Lycurgan era, are covered. On Philip’s death, that hegemony continued under his son, Alexander the Great. When Alexander died, the Greeks, led by Athens, revolted against Macedonian rule in what is called the Lamian War. The Macedonian general Antipater re-established Macedonian control, and punished Athens, including installing a garrison in the city, curtailing democracy, and reducing the number of citizens. This was the start of the Hellenistic era, commonly seen as a slump in Athens’ fortunes.

Smyrna

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde E. Fant ◽  
Mitchell G. Reddish
Keyword(s):  
Asia Minor ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
The Third ◽  
The People ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
Major Route ◽  
New City ◽  
The City ◽  
The Temple ◽  
Of Greece

Izmir, the modern name for the city that once was known as Smyrna, is the third largest city in Turkey, with a population of around 3 million. Situated on the Aegean coast, it is Turkey’s second busiest port. Not only is Izmir an interesting place itself to visit, but the city also serves as a good base from which to visit several important sites in the area, such as the ancient cities of Ephesus, Sardis, Miletus, Didyma, and Priene. The ancient city of Smyrna, which according to some reports was the birthplace of Homer, was commercially successful due to its harbor and its location (approximately 35 miles north of Ephesus) at the end of a major route through Asia Minor. The earliest settlement at this location was in the first half of the 3rd millennium B.C.E. on a hill known as Tepekule in the Bayraklï suburb of the city. In the 10th century B.C.E., the first Greek colonists from Aeolia settled at Tepekule. They remained there until the end of the 8th century, when Ionian Greeks took over. Excavations at the site have uncovered houses from the 9th to the 7th centuries B.C.E. In the 7th century a temple to Athena was built. This temple was destroyed around 600 B.C.E. by King Alyattes of Lydia when he captured the city. The people of Smyrna rebuilt and enlarged the temple, but it was destroyed again around 545 B.C.E., this time by the Persians. An insignificant settlement in the 5th and 4th centuries B.C.E., the site was finally abandoned. According to a story related by Pausanias (Description of Greece 7.5.1–3), the city was refounded by Alexander the Great, who was instructed in a dream to establish a new city on Mt. Pagus (now the site of the Kadifekale, or “Velvet Fortress”). The new city was actually not started until the beginning of the 3rd century by the Hellenistic ruler Lysimachus. During the subsequent centuries Smyrna, situated around the harbor, grew and prospered. By the 1st century B.C.E., Strabo was able to describe Smyrna as “the most beautiful of all” cities (Geography 14.646).

Thessalonica

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde E. Fant ◽  
Mitchell G. Reddish
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
Philip Ii ◽  
The Road ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
The Family ◽  
New City ◽  
The City ◽  
Point Of Departure

In 315 B.C.E. Cassander, king of Macedonia, once a general in the army of Alexander the Great, founded a new city in his kingdom. He named it for his wife, Thessalonike, daughter of Philip II of Macedon and the half sister of Alexander. In the centuries that followed, Thessalonica became the premier city of northern Greece, enduring and flourishing under Hellenistic, Roman, and Greek control. Many famous figures in world history played important roles throughout its lengthy and colorful existence, including Alexander the Great, Cleopatra, Cicero, Pompey, and Sulëyman I the Magnificent, among others. But no resident or visitor to Thessalonica had a greater influence on the city than an obscure Christian missionary who visited there in the first century, Paul of Tarsus. The first New Testament writing is believed to be Paul’s First Letter to the Thessalonians. Modern Thessaloniki (biblical Thessalonica), second only to Athens among the cities of Greece, is easily reached by automobile or by frequent flights from Athens. Although its ancient ruins and monuments are overshadowed by those of Athens, this city is well worth visiting for its fine archaeological museum and as a point of departure for the spectacular Royal Tombs at Vergina, home to the amazing riches of the family of Alexander the Great. Increasingly, more of ancient Thessalonica is being unearthed by archaeologists and made available to public view. According to Strabo, Thessalonica was established at the site of ancient Therme and formed from the incorporation of twenty-five smaller villages. The ancient city was laid out according to the Hippodamian plan, that is, in rectangular blocks. Its development was encouraged by its fine port and, during the Roman period, by being made the capital of Macedonia. When the Romans connected the Via Egnatia, the historic road linking east and west, to Thessalonica, the city prospered even more. The Roman orator Cicero was exiled in Thessalonica (58–57 B.C.E.) and wrote to his friend Atticus on July 21, 57 B.C.E., that he had delayed leaving the city “owing to the constant traffic along the road” (the Via Egnatia; M. Tullius Cicero, Letters 69).

Alexander the Great and Jaddus the High Priest According to Josephus

AJS Review ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 41-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaye J. D. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Historical Data ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
High Priest ◽  
Philip Ii ◽  
The World ◽  
The City ◽  
The Temple

Perhaps the most famous section of the second half of Josephus's Jewish Antiquities is the story of Alexander the Great and the Jews (AJ 11.302–47). It consists of three strands: a story about Manasses, Sanballat, and Alexander; a story about Jaddus and Alexander; and historical data about Philip II, Darius III, and Alexander the Great. In the first strand Manasses, a brother of the high priest Jaddus, marries the daughter of Sanballat, satrap of Samaria, and as a result is ejected from Jerusalem and flees to his father-in-law. Sanballat promises to build a new temple for him and his Jewish followers and intends to ask Darius to authorize the project. When Alexander is victorious, Sanballat transfers his allegiance to the Macedonian conqueror and receives permission from him to build a temple in Samaria. In the second strand, Alexander demands the submission of the Jews but Jaddus, the high priest, remains loyal to Darius.Furious at this rebuff, Alexander marches on Jerusalem. Encouraged by a dream, the high priest and the Jews greet Alexander outside the city. The conqueror of the world bows down before Jaddus and declares that it was Jaddus who had appeared to him in a dream three years earlier and had encouraged him to launch his expedition against Persia. Amidst general rejoicing, Alexander enters the temple, sacrifices to the God of Israel, and bestows gifts upon the Jews.

Amphipolis

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde E. Fant ◽  
Mitchell G. Reddish
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Philip Ii ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
Strategic Location ◽  
The City ◽  
Geographical Feature

The modern, small village of Amphipolis belies the importance of the ancient city whose name it bears. Located strategically along the Strymon River and on the Via Egnatia, Amphipolis was one of the most important cities of Macedonia in antiquity. The site of ancient Amphipolis is located between Thessaloniki and Kavala, about 65 miles east of Thessaloniki. From highway E90 there are signs that point the way to Amphipolis. The ancient city sits on a bend on the east bank of the Strymon River, surrounded by the river on three sides. This geographical feature gave rise to the name of the city, since Amphipolis means “around the city.” The site was originally settled by Thracians, who called their settlement Ennea Hodoi, meaning “Nine Ways” or “Nine Roads,” indicating the importance of the location as a crossroads for travel and trade routes. After several failed attempts the Athenians captured the area and founded the city of Amphipolis on the site of Ennea Hodoi in 437 B.C.E. under the leadership of Hagnon. In 424 B.C.E. the city came under Spartan control. Amphipolis was an important city both because of its strategic location on the Strymon River only 3 miles from the Aegean Sea and because of its rich natural resources of agriculture (wine, oil, and wood) and precious metals (especially gold from the mines on Mt. Pangaion). In spite of repeated attempts by the Athenians to recapture the city, Amphipolis remained a free city until its capture by Philip II of Macedon in 358–357 B.C.E. During the time of Macedonian rule, Amphipolis became one of the leading cities in the region. It was one of six cities chosen by Alexander the Great where large, costly temples were built. The city also played a significant role in Alexander’s military conquests. For example, the city and the surrounding area served as the staging ground for the beginning of Alexander’s conquest of Asia. After Alexander’s death his wife Roxane and their young son, Alexander IV, were exiled to Amphipolis. After the Roman victory at Pydna in 168 B.C.E., which effectively ended Macedonian rule, Amphipolis, along with the rest of Macedonia, became a Roman possession.

Seeing the Caesar in Germanicus: Reading Tacitus’ Annals with Lucan’s Bellum Civile

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-126
Author(s):  
Megan M. Daly
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Epic Poetry ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Bellum Civile ◽  
The Past ◽  
Similar Images ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Roman Epic ◽  
Northern Frontier

AbstractThe recognition of the similarities between Roman epic poetry and historiography have led to valuable studies such as Joseph’s analysis of the relationship between Lucan’s Bellum Civile and Tacitus’ Histories. Traces of Lucan’s Bellum Civile can also be observed in Tacitus’ Annals 1 and 2, causing the beginning of Tiberius’ reign to look like a civil war in the making. The charismatic Germanicus sits with a supportive army on the northern frontier, much like Caesar, causing fear for Tiberius at Rome. Germanicus denies his chance to become the next Caesar and march on the city, but he exhibits other similarities with Lucan’s Caesar, including an association with Alexander the Great. Although at some points Germanicus seems to be repeating the past and reliving episodes experienced by Caesar in Bellum Civile, he prevents himself from fully realizing a Caesarian fate and becoming Lucan’s bad tyrant. The similar images, events, and themes presented by both authors create messages that reflect experiences from the authors’ own lives during dangerous times.

The Ancient Trade Route past Hatra and its Roman Posts

1941 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 299-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurel Stein
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
Gulf Of Aqaba ◽  
Royal Air Force ◽  
Material Support ◽  
North West ◽  
Ancient Trade ◽  
Trade Route ◽  
Extreme North ◽  
Petroleum Company ◽  
Ancient Remains

In the spring of 1938 I was able with valuable help from the Royal Air Force and the material support of the Iraq Petroleum Company to carry out a survey of ancient remains along a portion of Rome's Mesopotamian Limes in the extreme north-west of Iraq. These explorations were closely connected with the researches which Père A. Poidebard, S.J., had effected before on the Syrian Limes and recorded in a masterly publication. In the following autumn the survey was resumed by me with the same generous aid and continued until May, 1939, along all routes protected by Roman defences that could be traced from the Tigris and Euphrates into the Syrian desert and thence through Transjordan down to the Gulf of Aqaba.

X.—An Account of the Harmonies contrived by Nicholas Ferrar at Little Gidding

Archaeologia ◽  
1888 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E. Acland-Troyte
Keyword(s):  
West Indies ◽  
The Third ◽  
East And West ◽  
The City ◽  
The Church

Nicholas Ferrar, the designer of the works now under consideration, was born in the year 1592, in London, being the third son of Nicholas Ferrar, a merchant adventurer, who traded extensively both to the East and West Indies, and was on terms of great friendship with persons of eminence in the city. His mother was the daughter of Mr. Wodenoth, one of the ancient family of that name, of Savington Hall, in Cheshire. Both Mr. and Mrs. Ferrar were well known for their hospitality and generosity, and for their zealous support of the Church, as well as for the careful and religious ordering of their household.

scholarly journals THE EMERGENCE AND IMPACT OF MONEY IN GREECE AND LIFE BACK THEN

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (07) ◽  
pp. 187-192
Author(s):  
Haifa Abdul Rahman AL SHAAFI
Keyword(s):  
Historical Review ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The City ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
Greek Civilization

The Greek civilization is one of the basic elements of the so-called civilization conflict in ancient times, and history has preserved the echo of that conflict, but historians have been limited to describing and evaluating the conflict without focusing on the role of money in managing the movement of the conflict, which had an influential nature in the politics of Greece in general , especially after Macedonia entered the line of conflict and took control of the city of Krindes at the foot of Mount Pangios, which is distinguished by its richness of gold, as it made it richer than the rest of the Greek states,Philip took out from it thousands of gold every year, which enabled him to bribe the opposition politicians, and this is where the researchs' importance is marked with the emergence of money in the Greek countries and its impact on life back then. Based on this importance, the reason for choosing this particular topic is of the axes of the historical review conference - Ancient history- as the study aims to find similarities and differences between the money spread in that period since this topic was studied according to the historical method.

scholarly journals De vrede verzilverd?

1970 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 61-77
Author(s):  
Elisa Masschelein ◽  
Violet Soen
Keyword(s):  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Don Juan ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Philip Ii ◽  
Mise En Scene ◽  
The City

After troublesome negotiations, on 12 February 1577 an 'Eternal Edict’ was signed inMarche-en-Famenne, in order to end the struggle between the rebelling States-General inthe Low Countries, and the newly arrived Habsburg governor-general of these regions, Don,Juan de Austria, half-brother to King Philip II. Afterwards, Don Juan travelled to the universitycity of Leuven. Historiography hardly ever deals with this peace treaty, and evenless with its implementation, as the treaty ended less than seven months later when DonJuan occupied the citadel of Namur. This contribution, however, warns for a too teleologicalinterpretation of the failure of the Eternal Edict. It analyzes the sparked pacification processon three levels: first, the mise-en-place by the Habsburg councilors, second, the mise-en-scène by the city of Leuven, and third, the mise-en-intrigue by the citizens and opponentsin the Low Countries. This threefold analysis will show that peacemaking in earlymodern Europe consisted of a complex interplay between words, deeds, and performances.

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