Introduction: Yahoo!

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Goldsmith ◽  
Tim Wu
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
The United States ◽  
General Definition ◽  
The Internet ◽  
French Law ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
Government Power ◽  
Definition Of

Marc Knobel is a French Jew who has devoted his life to fighting neo-Nazism, a fight that has taken him repeatedly to the Internet and American websites. In February 2000, Knobel was sitting in Paris, searching the Web for Nazi memorabilia. He went to the auction site of yahoo.com, where to his horror he saw page after page of swastika arm bands, SS daggers, concentration camp photos, and even replicas of the Zyklon B gas canisters. He had found a vast collection of Nazi mementos, for sale and easily available in France but hosted on a computer in the United States by the Internet giant Yahoo. Two years earlier, Knobel had discovered Nazi hate sites on America Online and threatened a public relations war. AOL closed the sites, and Knobel assumed that a similar threat against Yahoo would have a similar effect. He was wrong. AOL, it turned out, was atypical. Located in the Washington, D.C. suburbs, AOL had always been sensitive to public relations, politics, and the realities of government power. It was more careful than most Internet companies about keeping offensive information off its sites. Yahoo, in contrast, was a product of Silicon Valley’s 1990s bubble culture. From its origins as the hobby of Stanford graduate students Jerry Yang and David Filo, Yahoo by 2000 had grown to be the mighty “Lord of the Portals.” At the time, Yahoo was the Internet entrance point for more users than any other website, with a stock price, as 2000 began, of $475 per share. Yang, Yahoo’s billionaire leader, was confident and brash—he “liked the general definition of a yahoo: ‘rude, unsophisticated, uncouth.’” Obsessed with expanding market share, he thought government dumb, and speech restrictions dumber still. Confronted by an obscure activist complaining about hate speech and invoking French law, Yang’s company shrugged its high-tech shoulders. Mark Knobel was not impressed. On April 11, 2000, he sued Yahoo in a French court on behalf of the International League against Racism and Anti-Semitism and others. Yahoo’s auctions, he charged, violated a French law banning trafficking in Nazi goods in France.

scholarly journals Fake News and the Convention on Cybercrime

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-358
Author(s):  
Robert Smith ◽  
Mark Perry
Keyword(s):  
Hate Speech ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Clear Definition ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Additional Protocol ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Web

The COVID-19 pandemic and the recent term of the United States President, Donald Trump, brought the term “fake news” to the attention of the broader community. Some jurisdictions have developed anti-fake news legislation, whilst others have used existing cybercrime legislation. A significant deficiency is the lack of a clear definition of fake news. Just because a person calls something “fake news” does not mean that it is indeed false. Especially during pandemics, the primary aim should be to have misinformation and disinformation removed quickly from the web rather than prosecute offenders. The most widely accepted international anti-cybercrime treaty is the Convention on Cybercrime developed by the Council of Europe, which is silent on fake news, the propagation of which may be a cybercrime. There is an Additional Protocol that deals with hate speech, which the authors consider to be a subset of fake news. Using examples from Southeast Asia, the paper develops a comprehensive definition of what constitutes fake news. It ensures that it covers the various flavours of fake news that have been adopted in various jurisdictions. Hate speech can be considered a subset of fake news and is defined as the publication or distribution of fake news with the intention to incite hatred or violence against ethnic, religious, political, and other groups in society. The paper proposes some offences, including those that should be applied to platform service providers. The recommendations could be easily adapted for inclusion in the Convention on Cybercrime or other regional conventions. Such an approach is desirable as cybercrime, including propagating fake news, is not a respecter of national borders, and has widespread deleterious effects. Keywords: Fake news; hate speech; Convention on Cybercrime; draft legislation

scholarly journals HATE SPEECH ON SOCIAL NETWORK SITES: PERPETRATOR AND SERVICE PROVIDERS’ LIABILITY

Obiter ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frans Marx
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Social Network Sites ◽  
The United States ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Internet Service

The article investigates the phenomenon of hate speech on social network sites and gives an overview of the national and international legal instruments which are available to combat hate speech. After an overview of the nature of hate speech andthe early international attempts to curb it, hate speech in South Africa is investigated. The question is posed whether statements of hatred made on the Internet, especially if published from sites such as Facebook which is external to South Africa, can leadto liability for perpetrators in South Africa. International responses to hate speech in cyberspace are then investigated with specific reference to the possible liability of Internet service providers for hate speech posted by third parties on their websites. Itis shown that, although service providers in the United States enjoy more protection than those in European Union, Canada and South Africa, hate speech on social network sites can be legally curbed. It is concluded that the myth that the Internet as a godless, lawless zone can and must be dismissed.

E-Health and Ensuring Quality

2011 ◽  
pp. 1965-1975
Author(s):  
Prajesh Chhanabhai
Keyword(s):  
Health Information ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
The United States ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Online Portal ◽  
Gray Area ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Year 2000

The Internet is one of the most utilized resources for obtaining information, learning, communication, and as a source of advice. The most sought after advice and information are related with health matters. In the United States, for example, over 16 million people per year visit WebMD (http:// my.webmd.com/webmd_today/home/default), an online portal dedicated to providing health information and services (Sass, 2003). Health information on the Internet has grown exponentially, with up to 88 million adults predicted to access medical information online in 2005 (Ansani et al., 2005). This merging of medical knowledge and information knowledge has given birth to e-health. Despite the growth and application of information and communications technology (ICT) in health care over the last 15 years, e-health is a relatively new concept, with the term being introduced in the year 2000 (Pagliari et al., 2005). Its use has grown exponentially, and as Pagliari et al. (2005) reported, there are over 320,000 publications addressing e-health listed in MEDLINE alone. However, there is still no clear definition of e-health. There have been two international calls, in 2001 and 2004, for a clear and concise definition of e-health, but both failed to produce an internationally acceptable definition. In the same paper, Pagliari et al. (2005) found 24 different definitions, highlighting the fact that this is a gray area. Hence, without a clear and standardized definition, the opportunities to conduct unethical behavior are made easier.

Fake News, Hate Speech and Nigeria's Struggle for Democratic Consolidation

2021 ◽  
pp. 387-410
Author(s):  
Umaru A. Pate ◽  
Adamkolo Mohammed Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Election ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Election Campaigns ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Critical Literature

In addition to looking at the ongoing election campaigns in Nigeria, past election campaigns both locally and globally (especially since Brexit referendum in the United Kingdom and the 2016 presidential election in the United States) have highlighted how fake news and hate speech can be used to cause political instability in society. Ever since, fake news and hate speech issues and their impacts on democratic processes have gained widespread research attention. Hence, an urge exists to not only further understand the concepts of fake news and hate speech but also to define them based on empirical and critical literature. This chapter intends to clearly provide further understanding about the definition of fake news through a redefinition of the concept based on a critical review of literature. Also, critically discussed in this chapter are the impacts both fake news and hate speech can have on the consolidation of democracy in Nigeria. Some policy recommendations are offered.

scholarly journals A trench in the fight against disinformation

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliano Borges ◽  
Arthur Coelho Bezerra
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Collaborative Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Internet

With the aim of gathering information for an article (recently published in Brazil) about Sleeping Giants’ fight against the political economy of disinformation, Brazilian researchers Juliano Borges and Arthur Coelho Bezerra interviewed the co-creator of the SG movement in the United States, Nandini Jammi, on October 2020. In this interview, Jammi addresses programmatic advertising, discusses the tactic found by Sleeping Giants to demonetize uninformative sites and takes a position on the responsibility of platforms to contain hate speech and disinformation on the internet. She explains how the initiative begins by targeting the disinformation site Breitbart News, and evolves into a digital civic movement that now relies on the collaborative work of unknown volunteers, including spontaneous cell creation in countries like Canada, France and Brazil.

Fake News, Hate Speech and Nigeria's Struggle for Democratic Consolidation

2020 ◽  
pp. 89-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umaru A. Pate ◽  
Adamkolo Mohammed Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Election ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Election Campaigns ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Critical Literature

In addition to looking at the ongoing election campaigns in Nigeria, past election campaigns both locally and globally (especially since Brexit referendum in the United Kingdom and the 2016 presidential election in the United States) have highlighted how fake news and hate speech can be used to cause political instability in society. Ever since, fake news and hate speech issues and their impacts on democratic processes have gained widespread research attention. Hence, an urge exists to not only further understand the concepts of fake news and hate speech but also to define them based on empirical and critical literature. This chapter intends to clearly provide further understanding about the definition of fake news through a redefinition of the concept based on a critical review of literature. Also, critically discussed in this chapter are the impacts both fake news and hate speech can have on the consolidation of democracy in Nigeria. Some policy recommendations are offered.

The New French Law Against Racial Discrimination and Anti-Semitism

1976 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Klein
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Racial Discrimination ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Level ◽  
French Law ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
The Social

Great efforts have been made during the last decade to combat all forms of racial discrimination and anti-semitism, by legislation as well as on the social plain. On an international level, special conventions have been adopted, and some countries such as the United States, Great Britain, and Austria have, in addition, adopted special provisions to deal with their own specific problems. The growing number of foreigners who now come to work (Arabs, Africans, Portuguese, Italians, Greeks, Turks etc.) in Western Europe, have aggravated the ever present tradition of racism and anti-semitism, and have produced new forms of racial discrimination. In 1972, France widened the legislation which had been initiated in 1939. A number of cases have already been decided by French courts applying the 1972 law and in this article we will discuss its practical application.

Conditioning Factors in the Usage of "Conspiracy Theory"

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryor Snefjella
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Conspiracy Theory ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Conditioning Factors ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
Adequate Understanding ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Definition Of

This study attempts to create a clear definition of the term "conspiracy theory" using a survey method. The term sees currency in media and social settings, especially with the proliferation of the internet and events such as 9/11, but there is not an adequate understanding of how the term is used. Queen's students were surveyed to determine conditioning factors in their usage of the term. The students were presented with a set of fifty hypothetical claims that a certain event had occurred or is occurring, and then were asked whether the claim is a "conspiracy theory" to them or not. Fifty‐nine students were surveyed. The analysis of the resulting data reveals that collectivity is not a conditioning factor for usage; the actions of groups and individuals were treated almost identically, with both consistently deemed "conspiracy theories" in the data. Specific factors, such as the presence of an assassination or aliens, were identified. Hypothetical claims designed to be "strange" also scored consistently high. Gender was ruled out as a factor, as was the nation implicated in the claim, either Canada or the United States. The results show that the term has specific factors which condition usage. Also, the unimportance of collectivity as a factor contradicts most academic definitions of the term. What this study might have revealed is that there is a vernacular, popular usage that differs from the academic usage. 27

Innovation Platforms

2018 ◽  
pp. 96-112
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Service Innovation ◽  
General Definition ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Innovation Strategies ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Internet Of Things

This chapter reports on a study of the taxonomy of innovations for the internet of things (IoT) products and services. The analysis and discussion lead to a multidimensional framework of innovations, with a particular emphasis on a technology stack, business models, products, services, and platform innovations. The authors argue that a multi-sided platform might possibly be a successful business model for the adoption of IOT products and services. They develop IOT business-model pattern and the general definition of a IOT multi-sided platform. The research contains guidelines to help practitioners and policy makers develop platform-enabled IoT innovation strategies through the consideration of various levels of business models and MSP strategy. It offers a relevant source of ideas and guidance for anyone interested in research and practice related to rethinking IoT, product, and service innovation.

Against Sovereignty in Cyberspace

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 779-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton L Mueller
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
International Organization ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Global Commons ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Governance Model ◽  
Conceptual Debate ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Historical Origins

Abstract In discussing the historical origins of sovereignty, Jens Bartelson (2018, 510) wrote, “Making sense of sovereignty . . . entails making sense of its component terms—supreme authority and territory—and how these terms were forged together into a concept.” The question of sovereignty in cyberspace, however, inverts this historical “forging together,” as territoriality and authority are sundered in cyberspace. This paper argues that attempts to apply sovereignty to cyberspace governance are inappropriate to the domain. It develops a technically grounded definition of “cyberspace” and examines its characteristics as a distinct domain for action, conflict, and governance, while clarifying its relationship to territoriality. It reviews the literature on cyberspace and sovereignty since the early 1990s, showing the emergence of explicitly pro-sovereigntist ideas and practices in the last ten years. The cyber-sovereignty debate is linked to IR research on the historical emergence of sovereignty, demonstrating how technologies routinely change the basis of international order and challenging the presumption that territorial sovereignty is a stable and uniform principle of international organization that can be presumptively applied to the internet. The paper also links the conceptual debate over cyber-sovereignty to the real-world geopolitical struggle over the governance of the internet, showing how different conceptions of sovereignty serve the interests of different powers, notably the United States, Russia, and China. The paper explores the relevance of an alternative governance model for cyberspace based on the global commons concept. It refutes the arguments made against that model and then explains what difference it might make to governance if we conceive of cyberspace in that way.

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