Relational Power

Potentia ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 25-54
Author(s):  
Sandra Leonie Field
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Power ◽  
Relational Power ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Human

This chapter analyzes Hobbes’s theory of individual human power (potentia), and its transformation across his works. It argues that Hobbes’s early works offer an account of potentia reflecting an intuitive common sense that an individual’s power lies in the faculties or capacities that the individual possesses. It claims that such a conception still bears the marks of scholasticism, and it illustrates this point against a stylized presentation of Aquinas’s conception of potentia. By contrast, the chapter argues that on Hobbes’s later account, individual potentia is irreducibly relational, with the corollary that potentia cannot be identified in abstraction from actual social life. This change belatedly extends the antischolasticism of Hobbes’s natural science into his science of human beings.

Human Dignity as a Protected Interest in Criminal Law

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 143-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Hörnle ◽  
Mordechai Kremnitzer
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Child Pornography ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
Media Content ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Third ◽  
Objective Value ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Human

Human dignity can be a protected interest in criminal law. This paper starts with some reflections about the meaning of human dignity and then examines offense descriptions in the German Penal Code and the Israeli Penal Code. These codes are used as sources for identifying possibly relevant prohibitions. One can indeed find numerous examples of offense descriptions that can be justified by pointing to human dignity, either as a main protected interest or as a protected interest in addition to other interests. The protected interest can be either the individual victim's right to human dignity or human dignity as an objective value. Offense descriptions that can be connected to “protection of human dignity” should, for analytical purposes, be divided into three groups: violations of the dignity of individual human beings through acts other than speech; violations of the human dignity of individuals through speech; and media content that does not contain statements about individuals but shows scenes of severe humiliation (e.g., fictional child pornography). Questions that need further discussion primarily concern the second group (what role should free speech play in cases of human dignity violations?) and the third group (does the acknowledgement of human dignity as an objective value mean to endorse a re-moralization of the criminal law?).

What is a Psychological Unit?

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicki L. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Human

This paper considers the question “What is a psychological unit?”. The ubiquity of units in daily life and in science is considered. The assumption that the individual human being or animal is the psychological unit is examined and rejected. The units represented by the data collected in operant laboratories are interpreted as a subset of the well-defined changes that individual human beings or animals can bring about. The departure of this interpretation from the traditional interpretation in terms of the behaviour of the organism is acknowledged. The paper concludes by noting the relation of the present interpretation of operant research to the problem of identifying psychological units.

scholarly journals FAMILY ISSUES IN THE HUMANITARIAN AGENDA OF RUSSIAN MEDIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-24
Author(s):  
Nayalia O. Avtaeva ◽  
Tatiana D. Chemodanova
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Editorial Staff ◽  
Editorial Office ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Family Issues ◽  
The Family ◽  
Russian Media ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Individual

The humanitarian agenda of the media is characterized by a primary focus on the problems of the individual. Traditionally addressing the contradictions of social life, the humanitarian agenda puts the individual, personal beginning in the foreground. The family is a small social group, a social cell made up of several individuals and characterized by a number of characteristics, so the family theme can be considered as the optimal vector for implementing the humanitarian agenda. The key objective of this article is to analyze the relationship between social journalism and the humanitarian agenda in the media. The empirical basis is modern, socially oriented domestic media, which contribute to the humanization of the media space. The information policy of such media is based on the fact that the main value in editorial office publications is human beings. One of the brightest representatives of socially oriented media is the magazine Russian Reporter, whose editorial staff emphasized that the main value in publications is the individual, and any problems in the magazine are covered through the prism of an ordinary person. On the example of this publication, we can trace how organically family issues fit into the humanitarian agenda of Russian media. The main research method is a content analysis of publications in the Russian print media.

International Criminal Law

1985 ◽  
Vol 20 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 206-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoram Dinstein
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal System ◽  
The State ◽  
International Criminal Law ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Corporate Entity ◽  
The Veil ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Human

The individual human being is manifestly the object of every legal system on this planet, and consequently also of international law. The ordinary subject of international law is the international corporate entity: first and foremost (though not exclusively) the State. Yet, the corporate entity is not a tangible res that exists in reality, but an abstract notion, moulded through legal manipulation by and within the ambit of a superior legal system. When the veil is pierced, one can see that behind the legal personality of the State (or any other international corporate entity) there are natural persons: flesh-and-blood human beings. In the final analysis, Westlake was indubitably right when he stated: The duties and rights of States are only the duties and rights of the men who compose them.That is to say, in actuality, the international rights and duties of States devolve on human beings, albeit indirectly and collectively. In other words, the individual human being is not merely the object of international law, but indirectly also its subject, notwithstanding the fact that, ostensibly, the subject is the international corporate entity.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Human Beings ◽  
Technical Practice ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Narrative Thread ◽  
Individual Human

The narrative I construct in this book lays emphasis on technical practice in observation, instrumentation and calculation, and the steady accumulation of data over many years—but it centres on the activity of the individual human beings who observed the heavens, recorded what they saw, and made calculations to analyse and eventually make predictions about the motions of the celestial bodies. Some of these people had official posts that gave them responsibility for work of this kind; others held official rank without such responsibilities, but still played a major role in technical discussions about celestial phenomena. A few others held no official rank at all, but showed themselves well capable of talking and writing about the heavens at an expert level. It is these individuals, their observations, their calculations and the words they left to us that provide the narrative thread that runs through this work....

scholarly journals Towards Moral and Authentic Generalization: Humanity, Individual Human Beings and Distortion

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 661-678
Author(s):  
Nigel Rapport
Keyword(s):  
Human Science ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Rational Models ◽  
Thing In Itself ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Human Embodiment ◽  
Individual Human

The article treats the issue of generality. How may one conceive of the relationship between the uniqueness of individuality and the commonality of the human (species and society) without reduction? Can generalization be made moral – es-chewing stereotypes in society – and can it be made authentic – enacting a human science which treats the individual as a thing-in-itself? Simmel’s seminal inter-vention was to see generality as a necessary kind of distortion. In contrast, this article offers rational models of the one and the whole which expect to retain the uniqueness of the one; and it suggests characteristics of human embodiment (ca-pacities, potentialities) that speak to individuality and generality at the same time. The article ends with a reconsideration of distortion as a humane artistic represen-tation, by way of the work of Stanley Spencer.

scholarly journals Citizenship-as-knowledge: How perspectives from Bildung-centred Didaktik can contribute to European Citizenship Education beyond competence

2021 ◽  
pp. 147490412110457
Author(s):  
Erik Ryen ◽  
Evy Jøsok
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Citizenship Education ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
European Citizenship ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Development Of Students ◽  
Individual Human

How can the teaching of knowledge in schools contribute to the development of students as individual human beings, with the capacity not only for problem solving within the existing structures of society but also for developing ideas and solutions that go beyond the existing structures? The purpose of this article is to bring this question to the forefront within the context of citizenship education (CE) through a theoretical analysis of the epistemology underpinning two dominant conceptualisations of teaching CE. The analysis shows that both the model of teaching about, through and for democracy that underpins the understanding of CE in competence frameworks and the conceptualisation of CE as teaching directed towards qualification, socialisation and subjectification that is used to criticise citizenship-as-competence fall short in accounting for how knowledge can play a part in taking us beyond the existing. Turning to Bildung-centred Didaktik, which has dealt extensively with questions of knowledge in relation to the formation of the individual subject, the article explores how a renewed focus on knowledge can contribute to answering the question that Joris et al. pose in the title of their article ‘Citizenship -as-competence, what else?’

scholarly journals An Overview of the Common Moral Teachings Islam and Hinduism Based Religions

Fahm-i-Islam ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-158
Author(s):  
Dr. Rashida Parveen ◽  
Dr. Khadija Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Moral Education ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
World Religions ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Moral Teachings ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Good And Evil

The study of world religions makes it clear that after the basic teachings of every religion, which had came into being after the arrival of human beings in this world, the moral teachings have been given the utmost importance. The improvement in the individual and collective life of people depends on moral education which gives them the feeling of an atmosphere of peace and tranquility in the world. The teachings of moral education also gives a sense of equality in a society in which everyone is assured of the protection of his/her rights and interests. Resultantly, in a society where the roots of "good morals" are strong, society never goes astray. The importance of morality for the individual and collective life of human beings could be gauged by the fact that all religious leaders of the world teach their followers good morals and human rights. The moral teachings also help in distinguishing lawful, unlawful, good, and evil. The religious leaders forbid followers to do things that make them or their social life suffer in the wrong way.

scholarly journals Solidarity as a virtue: Attitudes and principles of human life in the thoughts of John Paul II from the pedagogical perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-228
Author(s):  
Natialia Maria Ruman
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Global Dimension ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
John Paul Ii ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual

For the proper functioning of society and the peaceful coexistence of different groups of people, communities and the state, it is essential to educate young people towards the readiness for mutual solidarity. In the absence of willingness to show mutual solidarity, a society can neither function properly nor live, however small this willingness may be. The common objectives of a nation, cultural heritage and tradition build awareness of solidarity within the particular society or nation. Therefore, the functionally conditioned consciousness of solidarity should be rooted and ultimately motivated by the universal solidarity of all men. In his teaching, John Paul II deepened the motivation for solidarity as a human and Christian virtue, emphasising its social dimension. The pope drew attention to the theological understanding of solidarity, developing the theme of solidarity on the deep background of social issue and its global dimension. Young people should be educated to participate in social and cultural life in the spirit of solidarity. They should be led to realization that the welfare of the nation depends on their moral attitude, the will to survive, the fidelity to values which have shaped the history and culture of the community over the centuries. Solidarity is motivated by a natural openness of human beings to other persons with whom there is a need to cooperate in pursuit of the common good. Hence, there is a need for constant readiness to accept and complete the tasks which result from the participation of the individual in social life.

scholarly journals HAKIKAT MANUSIA DALAM AL-QURAN

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masrohan Masrohan
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Main Motivation ◽  
The Sublime ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual

<p>Abstract</p><p><span>The Qur'an is the Book of Allah revealed to the Prophet Muhammad to all<br /><span>men. In it God greets sense and human feelings, teaches monotheism to man, to <span>purify man with a variety of worship, showing man the things that can bring<br /><span>good and welfare of the individual and social life of man, guiding people to the<br /><span>religion of the sublime that manifest themselves, develop personality humans, as <span>well as increasing the level of human beings to human perfection. Thus, man<br /><span>can realize the happiness in the world and the hereafter. The Qur'an also<br /><span>encourages people to reflect about himself, the wonders of creation and the<br /><span>accuracy of its creation. Therefore, the introduction of man against himself can<br /><span>deliver to ma'rifatillah The Qur'an also contains clues about human nature and<br /><span>the nature of the psychological state associated with the formation of a true<br /><span>picture of human personality, the main motivation that drives human behavior,<br /><span>and the factors which underlying harmony and perfection of the human<br /><span>personality and the realization of human mental health.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><br /><span><strong>Keywoard:</strong> <em>hakikat, manusia, al-Qur’an, insān, al-nās, bashar</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /></span></span></span></p>

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