Abstraction

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-48
Author(s):  
Stephen K. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Abstract Thinking ◽  
John Von Neumann ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Mind

The power of abstract thinking is captured by the brilliance of John von Neumann who made many contributions to mathematics, computer science, and game theory. One definition of abstraction is that an instance exists only in the mind (the word truth) rather than in the environment (the word car). An advantage of the latter, concrete examples is they support the formation of visual images to aid recall. A second definition of abstraction is a focus on the most important attributes of an instance. These attributes include those that differentiate one object from another or one category from another. A third definition of abstraction is that an abstract idea applies to many particular instances of a category. Prototypes, rules, and schema are examples.

Game Theory and the History of Ideas about Rationality: An Introductory Survey

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann E. Cudd
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Game Theory ◽  
Instrumental Rationality ◽  
History Of Ideas ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
John Von Neumann ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Rational Interaction

Although it may seem from its formalism that game theory must have sprung from the mind of John von Neumann as a corollary of his work on computers or theoretical physics, it should come as no real surprise to philosophers that game theory is the articulation of a historically developing philosophical conception of rationality in thought and action. The history of ideas about rationality is deeply contradictory at many turns. While there are theories of rationality that claim it is fundamentally social and aims at understanding and molding all facets of human psychological life, game theory takes rationality to be essentially located in individuals and to concern only the means to achieve predetermined ends. Thus, there are some thinkers who have made important contributions to this history who do not appear in the story of game theory at all, among them, Plato, Kant, and Hegel. There is, however, a clear trail to follow linking theories of instrumental rationality from Aristotle to the nineteenth-century marginalist economists and ultimately to von Neumann and Morgenstern and contemporary game theorists, that historically grounds game theory as a model of rational interaction.

Game Theory vs. Business Ethics

2015 ◽  
pp. 1849-1872
Author(s):  
Ben Tran
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Business Ethics ◽  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Moral Philosopher ◽  
John Von Neumann ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
Economic Behaviour ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Relationship

In 1954, the British philosopher Richard Braithwaite gave his inaugural lecture, Theory of Games as a Tool for the Moral Philosopher. Braithwaite predicted game theory would fundamentally change moral philosophy. However, in hindsight, John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern's publication of Theory of Games and Economic Behaviour was the moment modern game theory entered the discipline of ethics. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the relationship between game theory and business ethics. In other words, this chapter explains how game theory plays a role in business ethics and affects business ethics for emerging economies and covers in detail: 1) the history of game theory; 2) types of/definition(s) of games; 3) business ethics; 4) business; and 5) ethics. The chapter concludes with the role that game theory and business ethics play in emerging economies.

‘If They Say Bomb at One O’clock …’

2019 ◽  
pp. 199-230
Author(s):  
Alan Bollard
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Manhattan Project ◽  
Mathematical Approach ◽  
John Von Neumann ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
Dynamic Economy ◽  
Atom Bomb ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Cold War

In Japan conventional bombing had not proved sufficient: it was the atom bomb that ultimately brought surrender. The brilliant Hungarian mathematician John von Neumann had worked on the Manhattan Project and identified Hiroshima as a bombing target. He went on to design computers that helped build bigger bombs. In addition he developed an original mathematical approach to modelling a dynamic economy that helped economists advance their modelling. With the Cold War looming, he and colleague Oskar Morgenstern pioneered the new subject of game theory which the big powers used to model their post-war defence tactics, and led to the classic 1950s strategy of ‘mutually-assured destruction’.

Explaining the Long Peace

2019 ◽  
pp. 145-160
Author(s):  
Frank C. Zagare
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Interstate Conflict ◽  
Security Studies ◽  
Conflict Behavior ◽  
John Von Neumann ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
Incorrect Prediction ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Thomas Schelling

This chapter addresses the charge made by some behavioral economists (and many strategic analysts) that game theory is of limited utility for understanding interstate conflict behavior. Using one of perfect deterrence theory’s constituent models, a logically consistent game-theoretic explanation for the absence of a superpower conflict during the Cold War era is provided. As well, the chapter discusses a prescription based on an incorrect prediction attributed to John von Neumann, one of the cofounders of game theory. It also examines a logically inconsistent explanation of the long peace offered by Thomas Schelling, the game theorist many consider the most important strategic thinker in the field of security studies. The argument is made that a predictively inaccurate or logically inconsistent game model in no way undermines the utility of game theory as a potentially powerful methodological tool.

Do Prudent Agents Play Lotteries? Von Neumann's Contribution to the Theory of Rational Behavior

2006 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Giocoli
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Set Theory ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Rational Behavior ◽  
John Von Neumann ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
Balanced Growth ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fixed Point Techniques

The year 2003 marked the 100th anniversary of the birth of John von Neumann (1903–1957), one of greatest geniuses of the last century. Beyond contributing to fields as diverse as set theory, quantum mechanics, atomic energy, and automatic computing, von Neumann has also had a decisive influence upon modern economics. From the invention of game theory to the axiomatization of expected utility, from the introduction of convex analysis and fixed-point techniques to the development of the balanced growth model, the von Neumann heritage can be clearly traced in several areas of our discipline. The aim of this paper is to clarify the relationship between the two concepts of rationality he devised in his classic 1944 book Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, written with the collaboration of the Austrian economist Oskar Morgenstern (von Neumann and Morgenstern 1953).

scholarly journals Game Theory: An approach through history and its applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
W. A. V. Souza ◽  
M. C. Malavazi
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Nobel Prize ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Mathematical Approach ◽  
John Von Neumann ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
The Game Theory ◽  
Arbitrary Decision

Game Theory is a mathematical approach to the study of decision making between individuals when each outcome depends on the decisions of others, ie, one should not make an arbitrary decision, but decide based on what they think the decision of their "opponent" will be, knowing that they think the same. Developed by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern in 1944 in the book Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, it had been very contested since its launch, but the works of a genius named John Nash, winner of the Nobel Prize in economics in 1994, ended these contestations. This work shows that the Game Theory was not limited to the field of economics, but expanded to other areas, such as biology, explaining strategies used by species to survive. As results are presented more than ten models based on the principles of Game Theory, among them the Prisoner's Dilemma, Ice Cream Vendors Game, Clean City Law and Warning Song between Bird.

scholarly journals About Students’ Abstractions - Evaluation of Items Requiring Abstract Thinking Competence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Zehetmeier
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Object Oriented Programming ◽  
Abstract Thinking ◽  
Competence Model ◽  
First Semester ◽  
Competence Level ◽  
University Level ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Incoming Students

Abstract thinking is one of the most important competences in computer science. When starting my research, there was no complete definition of the competence nor was there a tool to assess first-semester students’ competence level. Thus, I developed a competence model of abstract thinking, which allowed me to derive an assessment tool. In this work, I will present first insights gained by analyzing the tests of 134 incoming students of computer science and scientific computing. The analysis confirms the assumption that incoming students often lack in this essential competence. Moreover, the overemphasis of the data aspect of classes in object oriented programming can be confirmed for university level education. Further investigations will follow. In the future, the insights gained can be used to develop teaching units or whole teaching concepts. 

Faith and Fight

Runaway ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Chaney
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Research Team ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Double Bind ◽  
Reinhold Niebuhr ◽  
John Von Neumann ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Von Neumann ◽  
Pragmatic Research

This chapter explores double-bind theory and the concept of power, including the sexist tendency among proponents to blame the mother. Similarly, radicals, liberals, and secular existentialists challenged the “tragic turn” as bourgeois accommodation to status quo power relations. The holism of systemic approaches foregrounded the old problem of whether nature supplies an ethic. Bateson and the double-bind research team struggled to account for power in the schizophrenic family in a way that blamed neither victim nor victimizer. Bateson's recognition of progressive stalemate in the schizophrenic family drew on the systems theory concept of runaway. Runaway in arms race policies, in turn, reflected political and theoretical conflicts between Norbert Weiner and John von Neumann, the leading mathematicians of the Macy Conferences on Cybernetics. In two essays, Bateson critiques the centrality of power in von Neumann's game theory. Meanwhile, Bateson's conflicts with the more pragmatic research team members, such as Jay Haley, lead him to cast about for a new direction. His eulogy for Frieda Fromm-Reichmann echoed a similar debate over political quietism between Reinhold Niebuhr and Richard Niebuhr.

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