What’s in a Name?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Graham Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Giraffa Camelopardalis ◽  
Carl Linnaeus ◽  
External Characteristics ◽  
Scientific Name

The modern scientific name of giraffes is Giraffa camelopardalis, given to the species by Mathurin Brisson and Carl Linnaeus in the eighteenth century. At that time a single species was thought to exist, but it soon became apparent that depending on where they lived in Africa giraffes had different skin markings and different “horns.” Thus the idea arose that there were more than one species, or if just one species then there were several different subspecies. Investigation of these two possibilities has depended partly on analysis of external characteristics, but mostly on the study of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA to establish if geographical distribution is associated with distinct genetic differences. These studies have indicated that there may be six separate species or four or three. However, as each of the variants can interbreed, genetic differences thus far have not resulted in reproductive isolation and the overall conclusion must be that there is one species with regional variants/subspecies that can be genetically distinct.

Taxonomies of Yellow

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Keevak
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Far East ◽  
East Asians ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The People ◽  
Carl Linnaeus ◽  
French Physician

This chapter focuses on the emergence of new sorts of human taxonomies as well as new claims about the color of all human groups, including East Asians, during the course of the eighteenth century, as well as their racial implications. It first considers the theory advanced in 1684 by the French physician and traveler François Bernier, who proposed a “new division of the Earth, according to the different species or races of man which inhabit it.” One of these races, he suggested, was yellow. Then in 1735, the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus published Systema naturae, in which he categorized homo sapiens into four different skin colors. Finally, at the end of the eighteenth century, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, also a physician and the founder of comparative anatomy, declared that the people of the Far East were a yellow race, as distinct from the white “Caucasian” one.

Human Taxonomies: Carl Linnaeus, Swedish Travel in Asia and the Classification of Man

Itinerario ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (02) ◽  
pp. 218-242
Author(s):  
Christina Skott
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
New Species ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Travel Literature ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Carl Linnaeus ◽  
Eyewitness Reports

AbstractThis article looks at ways in which Swedish travel to Asia informed the classification of man in the work of Carl Linnaeus. In the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae (1758), Linnaeus made substantial changes to his earlier taxonomy of humans. Through two case studies, it is argued that these changes to a great extent were prompted by fresh Swedish eyewitness reports from China and Southeast Asia. The informants for the Homo asiaticus, a variety of Homo sapiens, and a proposed new species of humans, Homo nocturnus (or troglodytes), were all associated with the Swedish East India Company. The botanical contribution by men trained in the Linnaean method travelling on the company's ships has long been acknowledged. In contrast to the systematic collecting of botanical material, Swedish descriptions of Asia's human inhabitants were often inconclusive, reflecting the circumstances of the trade encounter. Linnaeus also relied on older observations made by countrymen, and his human taxonomies also highlight the role of travel literature in eighteenth-century anthropology.

Re-examination of the taxonomy of the Macrobrachium australiense Holthuis (Decapoda : Palaemonidae) species-complex: molecular evidence for a single species

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas P. Murphy ◽  
John W. Short ◽  
Christopher M. Austin
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Mitochondrial Gene ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Gene Region ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Morphological Divergence ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
North West ◽  
North East

The freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium australiense is distributed throughout the majority of inland, north-west, north-east and eastern drainages. Owing to the large amount of morphological divergence, both between and within catchments, this species has proven to be taxonomically difficult and, until recently, consisted of three separate species, each with subsequent subspecies. This study uses nucleotide sequences from the 16S rRNA mitochondrial gene region to investigate the genetic relationships between populations and confirm the taxonomic status of M. australiense. The results from sequencing an approximately 450-bp fragment from this gene region from M. australiense sampled from 12 locations across inland, eastern and northern Australia identified very little variation. The variation found between 16S M. australiense haplotypes is much less than that found between Macrobrachium species, indicating that it is in fact a single species. The results are concordant with a recent morphological revision of Australian species in which nominal taxa of the M. australiense complex were synonymised.

Complete Field Guide to Butterflies of Australia

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F Braby
Keyword(s):  
Single Species ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Butterfly Species ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Field Guide ◽  
The Family ◽  
Complete Field ◽  
Remote Islands ◽  
Scientific Name

This is the first complete field guide to all butterfly species on Australia’s mainland and its remote islands. Written by one of Australia's leading lepidopterists, it is stunningly illustrated with colour photographs of each of the 416 currently identified species. There is also a distribution map for each species on the Australian mainland. It covers the five major family groups: Hesperiidae, Paplionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae, as well as the family Riodinidae, which has but a single species in Australia. The introduction covers adult structure, classification, distribution and habitats, and life cycle and behaviour. This is followed by accounts of each of the 416 species, giving common name, scientific name, and other names (if any), as well as details of behaviour, habitat, status, and larval food plants. Accompanying each species is a distribution map, and photographs of the upperside and underside of both male and female specimens. The book also contains a checklist of all species, a list of entomological contacts, a glossary, a bibliography, an index of common names and an index of scientific names.

scholarly journals Chryseobacterium luteum sp. nov., associated with the phyllosphere of grasses

2007 ◽  
Vol 57 (8) ◽  
pp. 1881-1885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Undine Behrendt ◽  
Andreas Ulrich ◽  
Cathrin Spröer ◽  
Peter Schumann
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Gene Sequence ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Single Species ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequence ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequence ◽  
Separate Species

Three isolates obtained from grass samples were investigated by means of a polyphasic taxonomic study and were shown to represent a novel species within the genus Chryseobacterium. Comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences and phenotypic features indicated that the three isolates belonged to a single species. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the closest phylogenetic neighbours were Chryseobacterium shigense and Chryseobacterium vrystaatense, which formed a stable cluster with the isolates; this phylogeny was supported by a high bootstrap value and was obtained using different treeing methods. A DNA–DNA hybridization study with the closest neighbour, C. shigense DSM 17126T (98.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), clearly demonstrated a separate species status for the grass isolate strain P 456/04T. Comparisons involving physiological properties and whole-cell fatty acid profiles confirmed this result at the phenotypic level. On the basis of these results, strain P 456/04T represents a novel species of the genus Chryseobacterium, for which the name Chryseobacterium luteum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is P 456/04T (=DSM 18605T =LMG 23785T).

scholarly journals Division of Giardia isolates from humans into two genetically distinct assemblages by electrophoretic analysis of enzymes encoded at 27 loci and comparison with Giardia muris

Parasitology ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Mayrhofer ◽  
R. H. Andrews ◽  
P. L. Ey ◽  
N. B. Chilton
Keyword(s):  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Electrophoretic Analysis ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Giardia Intestinalis ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Enzyme Loci ◽  
Allelic Differences ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
Giardia Muris

SUMMARYGiardia that infect humans are known to be heterogeneous but they are assigned currently to a single species, Giardia intestinalis (syn. G. lamblia). The genetic differences that exist within G. intestinalis have not yet been assessed quantitatively and neither have they been compared in magnitude with those that exist between G. intestinalis and species that are morphologically similar (G. duodenalis) or morphologically distinct (e.g. G. muris). In this study, 60 Australian isolates of G. intestinalis were analysed electrophoretically at 27 enzyme loci and compared with G. muris and a feline isolate of G. duodenalis. Isolates of G. intestinalis were distinct genetically from both G. muris (approximately 80% fixed allelic differences) and the feline G. duodenalis isolate (approximately 75% fixed allelic differences). The G. intestinalis isolates were extremely heterogeneous but they fell into 2 major genetic assemblages, separated by fixed allelic differences at approximately 60% of loci examined. The magnitude of the genetic differences between the G. intestinalis assemblages approached the level that distinguished the G. duodenalis isolate from the morphologically distinct G. muris. This raises important questions about the evolutionary relationships of the assemblages with Homo sapiens, the possibility of ancient or contemporary transmission from animal hosts to humans and the biogeographical origins of the two clusters.

scholarly journals Incipient species or social polymorphism? Diversity in the desert ant Cataglyphis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tali Reiner Brodetzki ◽  
Shani Inbar ◽  
Pnina Cohen ◽  
Serge Aron ◽  
Eyal Privman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Incipient Species ◽  
Desert Ant ◽  
Multi Method Approach ◽  
Multiple Species ◽  
High Level ◽  
Evolutionary Paths ◽  
And Behavior

Species are the fundamental units upon which evolutionary research is based. In insects, due to the high level of hybridization, the delimitation of such species can be challenging. The genus Cataglyphis presents a high level of diversification, making it an excellent model with which to study evolutionary paths. Israel appears to be a 'hot spot' for recent speciation in this genus. Although previous studies have described multiple species of Cataglyphis in Israel, a recent genetic study has questioned the existence of some of these historically described species. The present study focuses on an apparent species complex that is distinguishable by its mitochondrial DNA (and therefore named mitotypes) but not by its nuclear DNA. Using a multi-method approach (genetics, chemistry and behavior), we show that these mitotypes also differ in their social structures and are readily distinguishable by their cuticular hydrocarbons profiles. While the different mitotypes are in general allopatric, at our study site they all coexist but nonetheless maintain the observed differences between them. This raises many evolutionary questions: Are these incipient species that have diverged with gene flow, or is this a case of social and chemical polymorphism that is maintained within a single species.

An Assessment of Genetic Relationships between Members of the Phytophthora megasperma Complex and Phytophthora vignae using Molecular Markers

1993 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
SC Whisson ◽  
BJ Howlett ◽  
ECY Liew ◽  
DJ Maclean ◽  
JM Manners ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Intergenic Spacer ◽  
Rflp Analysis ◽  
Protein Patterns ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Phytophthora Megasperma ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Mitochondrial Rflps

Genetic relationships between Phytophora megasperma f. sp. glycinea (Pmg) and morphologically similar taxa, P. megasperma f. sp. medicaginis (Pmm), P. megasperma f. sp. trifolii (Pmt), P. megasperma from Douglas Fir (PmDF) and asparagus (PmAS) and Phytophthora vignae, were explored by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of nuclear DNA using random genomic multi-copy, cDNA, and ribosomal DNA probes as well as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) and RFLP analysis of ribosomal intergenic spacer regions amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Each method detected large differences between these taxa and P. megasperma f. sp. glycinea. P. vignae was more closely related to P. megasperma f. sp. glycinea than the other taxa on the basis of the cDNA RFLPs and RFLPs of PCR amplified rDNA intergenic spacer regions. We conclude that each of the taxa examined represent separate species. This supports the most recent reclassification based on mitochondrial RFLPs and electrophoretic protein patterns of the host-specific taxa to P. sojae (Pmg), P. trifolii (Pmt) and P. medicaginis (Pmm).

Comment on “Population genetics reveal Myotis keenii (Keen’s myotis) and Myotis evotis (long-eared myotis) to be a single species”

2021 ◽  
pp. 415-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariadna E. Morales ◽  
M. Brock Fenton ◽  
Bryan C. Carstens ◽  
Nancy B. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Confounding Factor ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Genetic Exchange ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Microsatellite Data ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Genomic Studies

Genetic exchange and hybridization appear common among the western long-eared bats from North America. Multiple sources of evidence indicate that lineages within this group are evolving independently, despite genetic exchange. However, evidence of gene flow raises questions about the species-level status of some lineages. C.L. Lausen et al. (2019. Can. J. Zool. 97(3): 267–279) proposed that Myotis evotis (H. Allen, 1864) (long-eared myotis) and Myotis keenii (Merriam, 1895) (Keen’s myotis) are one species, not two. This conclusion is based on analyses of cytochrome b and microsatellite data suggesting gene flow between these taxa. Microsatellites are not reliable markers for identifying species because homoplasy can be a major confounding factor, which appears to be true in this case. We reanalyzed the dataset of C.L. Lausen et al. (2019) and show that it is not reliable to distinguish between gene flow or homoplasy, and that these data do not support the conclusion that M. evotis and M. keenii represent a single species. Previous morphological and genomic studies indicate that these are separate species despite previous genetic exchange between them. Failing to recognize that gene flow can occur between independently evolving lineages is counterproductive for conservation because it can lead to neglect of important independent lineages, and likewise failing to use proper tools to delimit species is counterproductive to efforts to quantify biodiversity and design conservation strategies.

A statistical study ofRhamphorhynchusfrom the Solnhofen Limestone of Germany: Year-classes of a single large species

1995 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Christopher Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Statistical Study ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Large Species ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
The Past ◽  
Determinate Growth ◽  
Solnhofen Limestone

A statistical and morphological study of the pterosaurRhamphorhynchusfrom the Solnhofen Limestone of Germany shows that specimens fall into discrete size-classes that are year-classes resulting from seasonal mortality or preservation of specimens. Taxonomic characters used in the past to separate species ofRhamphorhynchusare all related to size and ontogeny, and all specimens belong to a single species,R. muensteri.Thus, the collections ofRhamphorhynchusprovide an unequaled record of the growth and development of a Jurassic rhamphorhynchoid pterosaur.Rhamphorhynchusdid not have rapid determinate growth; the growth rate was comparable to that of extant crocodilians, and growth continued over the course of at least three years after individuals began to fly.

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