The Dream of a Republic

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Michael C. Hawley
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Political Community ◽  
Theoretical Problem ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The People

Cicero is one of the most influential political philosophers in history. This chapter illustrates how little scholars have explored Cicero’s role in shaping intellectual developments after the Renaissance. It argues that the height of Cicero’s posthumous influence may be the early modern period, in which liberalism first emerges as a coherent doctrine. It sets up the central theoretical problem: how can one reconcile a commitment to universal moral laws with the belief that the people are the ultimate authority in their political community, and what is the place of liberty in a society grounded in those two commitments? It suggests that Cicero’s ideas played a central role in shaping the development of a tradition focused on these questions. Finally, this chapter outlines the rest of the book.

Overview of the research work of Prof. Fumiko Sugimoto

Impact ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (7) ◽  
pp. 26-29
Author(s):  
Fumiko Sugimoto
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Spatial Theory ◽  
Early Modern Japan ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The People ◽  
The 19Th Century

Professor Fumiko Sugimoto has been analysing the history of the 18th century and first half of the 19th century with a focus not only on the temporal axis but also on the relationships between specific spaces and the people who live and act as subjective agents in these spaces. During the past few years, she has been endeavouring to decipher the history in the period of transition from the early modern period to the modern period by introducing the perspective of oceans, with a focus on Japan. Through the study of history in terms of spatial theory that also takes oceans into consideration, she is proposing to present a new concept about the territorial formation of modern states. [Main subjects] Law and Governance in Early Modern Japan Judgement in Early Modern Society The Evolution of Control over Territory under the Tokugawa State A Human Being in the Nineteenth Century: WATANABE Kazan, a Conflicting Consciousness of Status as an Artist and as a Samurai Early Modern Maps in the Social-standing-based Order of Tokugawa Japan The World of Information in Bakumatsu Japan: Timely News and Bird's Eye Views Early Modern Political History in Terms of Spatial Theory The Emergence of Newly Defined Oceans and the Transformation of Political Culture.

scholarly journals The Making of the “Malay Pirate” in Early Modern European Thought

Humanities ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Stefan Eklöf Amirell
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Malay Archipelago ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The People ◽  
European Thought

This article traces the long historical background of the nineteenth-century European notion of the Malay as a human “race” with an inherent addiction to piracy. For most of the early modern period, European observers of the Malay Archipelago associated the Malays with the people and diaspora of the Sultanate of Melaka, who were seen as commercially and culturally accomplished. This image changed in the course of the eighteenth century. First, the European understanding of the Malay was expanded to encompass most of the indigenous population of maritime Southeast Asia. Second, more negative assessments gained influence after the mid-eighteenth century, and the Malays were increasingly associated with piracy, treachery, and rapaciousness. In part, the change was due to the rise in maritime raiding on the part of certain indigenous seafaring peoples of Southeast Asia combined with increasing European commercial interests in Southeast Asia, but it was also part of a generally more negative view in Europe of non-settled and non-agricultural populations. This development preceded the notion of the Malays as one of humanity’s principle races, which emerged toward the end of the eighteenth century. The idea that Malays were natural pirates also paved the way for several brutal colonial anti-piracy campaigns in the Malay Archipelago during the nineteenth century.

Personalschriften als biographische Quelle. Ein Projekt zum personalen Gelegenheitsschrifttum in den Beständen der Forschungsbibliothek Gotha

Daphnis ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 427-466
Author(s):  
Stefan Anders
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Research Library ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The People

This paper presents a joint project of the Institute for Early Modern Cultural History and the Research Library in Gotha, which is digitizing and making accessible about 8000 printed documents from the 16th to the 18th century. These documents were created on the occasion of such personal events as birth, marriage or death. During this process, numerous names of the people mentioned in these occasional documents are being identified and consolidated in a consistent format. The short biographies generated contain essential personal data, originating mostly from these documents but supplemented by information taken from reference books and other biographical resources. The huge potential of these occasional documents for the biographical reconstruction of persons of the early modern period is then demonstrated by a case study, which demonstrates the reliability of the collected data.

“Democratic estate”as the cultural nest of the Early Modern Period. Case of Poland

2020 ◽  
pp. 288-297
Author(s):  
Vasily G. Shchukin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Common People ◽  
Organic Life ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The People ◽  
National Spirit ◽  
The Common ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The Village

The article describes the phenomenon of the so-called “democratic estate”, which took on the function of a cultural nest. Democracy, in accordance with Russian tradition, dating back to the discourse of the intelligentsia of the XIX century, is identified with the plebeian, motley origin of the inhabitants of the estate. This problem is considered on the basis of the art culture of Krakow at the end of the XIX and beginning of the XX centuries. In the era of modernism, in the wake of the neo-romantic enthusiasm for the problems of the national spirit and the “organic” life of the common people, in western Galicia, which is one of the provinces of Austria-Hungary, such forms of homestead life appeared that could be called exceptional, unique against the background of other manifestations of the democratization of the estate. Cracow artists and then poets and playwrights, discovering the beauty of the village of Małe Bronowice, located near Cracow, and captivated by folk costumes and the beauty of village girls, married them one by one and moved to village huts, but at the same time transformed the latter into real cultural nests. One of these weddings — the poet Lucian Rydel and the daughter of the village headman Jadwiga Mikołajczyk — inspired the outstanding artist and playwright Stanislav Wyspiańsky to create the most famous national drama of the modernist era — the play “The Wedding” (1901). This work, among other things, depicts the tragedy of mutual misunderstanding of the people and the intelligentsia, which impedes the national revival and, ultimately, the restoration of the country’s independence. The author of the article seeks to prove that the “democratic estate” served not only the necessary simplification of the educated stratum of society, but also the introduction of a high, essentially metropolitan culture into the life and consciousness of the lower strata.

Vox Populi: Carnal Blood, Spiritual Milk, and the Debate Surrounding the Immaculate Conception, ca. 1600

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 286-334
Author(s):  
Felipe Pereda
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The People ◽  
Immaculate Conception

Abstract In the early modern period, the dogma of the Immaculate Conception was intensely defended by Spain, its cult even turned into a symbol of the Catholic Monarchy. However, in its earliest stage, the Spanish campaign in support of the Immaculate was immersed in controversy: some of the people promoting it were accused of not having a “pure” Old Christian ancestry. This article reads the origins of the Immaculate debate against the background of social ideas of purity and contamination.

Russia, The Turks and Europe: Legitimations of War and the Formation of European Identity in the Early Modern Period

2007 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 63-86
Author(s):  
Pärtel Piirimäe
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Just War ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Political Community ◽  
European Identity ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Ius Gentium

AbstractAn essential criterion of belonging to a community is the expressed willingness to play by its rules. "Europe" in the Early Modern period can be seen as a moral community of "Christian" and "civilized" states which abided by the principles of ius gentium. The core of this code was the limitation and regulation of warfare. Although moral and legal principles of bellum iustum were often overruled by considerations of interest, there was at least one thing common to all European wars: the states always took pains to prove publicly that they were waging a just war. This essay examines the significance of printed legitimations of war for the formation of European identity. It focuses on the case of Muscovy, which before the end of the seventeenth century had not been concerned with its image in Europe, and was thus left at the mercy of the propaganda of its western neighbors who were instrumental in constructing the image of Muscovites as Asiatic barbarians, more similar to the Turks than to Christians. Tsar Peter the Great, however, took a novel decision to launch a campaign of public legitimation of Muscovy's attack on Sweden in 1700. The legitimations of war published during Peter's reign can be seen as essential components of his quest for the acknowledgement of Russia as a fully-fledged member of the European moral, legal, and political community.

Early Modern Mendicancy: Franciscan Practice in the Bohemian Lands

2017 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-56
Author(s):  
MARTIN ELBEL
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The People ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Franciscan Order ◽  
Economic Function

Using the example of the Bohemian Franciscan Province, and its Olomouc convent in particular, this paper analyses mendicancy after the Reformation. In the early modern period mendicancy remained an important practice in the Franciscan Order. Apart from its economic function, begging was also an important means of interaction between the friars and the people. It was a complicated exchange of goods and services, which helped the friars to secure their position in society and export elements of their spirituality outside the walls of their convents.

scholarly journals The Ten Principles of Karaite Faith in a Seventeenth-Century Hebrew Poem from Troki

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 79-98
Author(s):  
Riikka Tuori
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
English Translation ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Rabbinic Literature ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The People ◽  
The Status

The ten principles of Karaite faith were originally compiled by medieval Byzantine Karaite scholars to sum up the basics of the Karaite Jewish creed. Early modern Karaites wrote poetic interpretations on the principles. This article provides an analysis and an English translation of a seventeenth-century Hebrew poem by the Lithuanian Karaite, Yehuda ben Aharon. In this didactic poem, Yehuda ben Aharon discusses the essence of divinity and the status of the People of Israel, the heavenly origin of the Torah, and future redemption. The popularity of Karaite commentaries and poems on the principles during the early modern period shows that dogma―and how to understand it correctly―had become central for the theological considerations of Karaite scholars. The source for this attentiveness is traced to the Byzantine Karaite literature written on the principles and to the treatment of the Maimonidean principles in late medieval rabbinic literature.

The Revolution in Time

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Claydon
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Past ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The People ◽  
Dynamic Views ◽  
Directed Change ◽  
The Revolution

This book explores the idea that people in Western Europe changed the way they thought about time over the early modern period; and it does so by examining their reactions to the 1688–9 revolution in England. It examines how those who lived through the extraordinary collapse of James II’s regime perceived this event as it unfolded and how they set it within their understanding of history. It questions whether a new understanding of chronology—one which allowed fundamental and human-directed change—had been widely adopted by this point in the past; and whether this might have allowed witnesses of the revolution to see it as the start of a new era or as an opportunity to shape a novel, ‘modern’, future for England. It argues that, with important exceptions, the people of the era rejected dynamic views of time to retain a ‘static’ chronology that failed to fully conceptualize evolution in history. Bewildered by the rapid events of the revolution itself, people forced these into familiar scripts. Interpreting 1688–9 later, they saw it as a reiteration of timeless principles of politics, or as a stage in an eternal and predetermined struggle for true religion. Only slowly did they see come to see it as part of an evolving and modernizing process—and then mainly in response to opponents of the revolution, who had theorized change in order to oppose it. The book thus argues for a far more complex and ambiguous model of changes in chronological conception than many accounts have suggested and questions whether 1688–9 could be the leap toward modernity that recent interpretations have argued.

The Early Modern Period

2020 ◽  
pp. 156-179
Author(s):  
Bruce R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Physical Object ◽  
Usual Model ◽  
Viola Da Gamba ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
The People ◽  
Scientific Attention ◽  
Emotional Effects

A viola da gamba made by John Rose in London c.1600 offers a focal point for setting in place five distinct frames for thinking about music in the early modern period: (1) ontology, (2) metaphysics, (3) physics, (4) rhetoric, and (5) ethics. Aristotle’s Categories provided early modern thinkers with a model for regarding Rose’s viol ontologically, as a physical object that could be used in certain ways for certain purposes. The metaphysics of a viol consisted in its being a stringed instrument capable of sounding out the ratios of cosmic harmony. Scientific attention turned to the physics of a viol and the vibrations it produced. Rhetoric as codified in the writings of Cicero and Quintilian was the usual model for investigating the emotional effects of music. Ethical considerations of music made social and moral distinctions among kinds of instruments, the people who played them, and social circumstances of performance and reception.

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