Equality and Its Critics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Global Justice ◽  
Resource Curse ◽  
Resource Endowments ◽  
Egalitarian Theory

What constraints does justice impose on our appropriation, or our holdings, of natural resources? This chapter examines several competing answers to that question. It rejects right-libertarian and minimalist views on resource justice, and instead argues in favour of an egalitarian approach. It then moves on to address some important challenges to an egalitarian theory of resource justice. For instance, it is sometimes argued that the ‘resource curse’ shows that natural resource endowments make little difference to economic growth. If so, egalitarian interest in their distribution is misplaced. The chapter shows how egalitarians should respond to this challenge. It also addresses objections from relationist scholars of global justice, and from those who believe that individual nations or states might have special claims over the resources they control.

scholarly journals Examining the “Natural Resource Curse” and the Impact of Various Forms of Capital in Small Tourism and Natural Resource Dependent Economies

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petar Kurecic ◽  
Filip Kokotovic
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Natural Capital ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Resource Curse ◽  
Impulse Response Functions ◽  
Natural Resource Curse ◽  
Small Economies ◽  
The Impact

The question of the relevance of human and natural capital, as well as the potential adverse effect of natural capital on economic growth, has gained increased attention in development economics. The aim of this paper is to theoretically and empirically assess the relevance of several forms of capital on economic growth in small economies that are dependent upon tourism or natural resources. The empirical framework is based on Impulse Response Functions obtained from Vector Autoregressive models in which we focus on the model where economic growth is the dependent variable for ten small economies that are dependent upon either tourism or natural resources. We find that there is evidence of the ‘’natural resource curse’’, especially in the economies that have a strong dependence on resources that are easily substitutable and whose prices constantly fluctuate. We further find that in the majority of observed cases the type of capital these small economies are most dependent on for their economic growth causes negative impulses in the majority of the observed periods. The main policy recommendation should be to assure that even these small economies should strive towards further diversification and avoid dependence on only one segment of their economy.

scholarly journals PENGARUH MINYAK DAN GAS TERHADAP KINERJA PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI REGIONAL: SEBUAH KUTUKAN ATAU ANUGERAH?

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-202
Author(s):  
Ahmad Fahriza ◽  
Djoni Hartono
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Resource Curse ◽  
Natural Resource Curse ◽  
Natural Oil ◽  
Oil And Gas Resources ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Using Data

Natural resources, particularly oil and gas, are great benefit to the region that owns it and become one of the region's revenue sources. Nevertheless, Sachs and Warner (1995) found a phenomenon of natural resource curse indicating that the wealth of natural resources could hamper the economic growth. This research tries to see the existence of natural resource curse phenomenon in Indonesia through the performance of regional economic growth; and observes the differences of oil and gas contribution in the economic structure as an indicator of natural resource wealth in the area. Gross Regional Domestic Product Growth (PDRB) per capita without oil and gas is an indicator of the economic growth to see if the oil and gas are inhibiting or accelerating the growth of other sectors in the region's economy. Using data from 33 provinces in Indonesia within the period of 2006-2013, this study found a positive relationship between oil and gas contribution and per capita GDP growth without oil and gas. Based on these findings, natural oil and gas resources have become a boon to the province that owns them.

McCulloch, Scrope, and Hodgskin: Nineteenth-Century Versions of Julian Simon

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Kern
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Resource Scarcity ◽  
Limits To Growth ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Natural Resource Scarcity ◽  
Growing Population

In The Ultimate Resource (1981, 1996), and in many other publications over the last several decades, Julian Simon put forth controversial views regarding the connection between natural resource scarcity, population growth, and economic progress. Simon argued, in contrast to those espousing the limits to growth, that natural resources were not getting scarcer, but more abundant, and that a large and growing population was an asset rather than a liability in the pursuit of economic growth.

scholarly journals Domestic institutions, growth and global justice

2021 ◽  
pp. 147488512110153
Author(s):  
Chris Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resource ◽  
Global Justice ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Domestic Institutions ◽  
Resource Endowments

According to one prominent theory of development, a country’s wealth is primarily explained by the quality of its institutions. Leaning on that view, several political theorists have defended two normative conclusions. The first is that we have no reason for concern, from the point of view of justice, if some countries have greater natural resource endowments than others. The second is that proposals for redistribution across borders are likely to be superfluous. Advocates of global redistribution have not yet grappled with these momentous arguments, or shown whether, and how, they might be rebuffed. This article does just that.

Natural Resources, Sustainability, and Intergenerational Ethics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Global Justice ◽  
Resource Conservation ◽  
Natural Resource Conservation ◽  
The Future ◽  
Intergenerational Ethics

This chapter examines a variety of views about the nature of society’s putative duty to conserve natural resources for the future, with a focus on the contested idea of sustainability. This chapter examines competing conceptions of sustainability and their implications for natural resource conservation across generations. Sustainability is a very popular concept, but there are many different positions on what might be called the “sustainability of what?” question. The chapter examines a number of competing views and shows how controversy here has informed the debate between so-called weak and strong conceptions of sustainability. It concludes with an examination of the politics of sustainability, and in particular the connections and possible tensions between goals of natural resource conservation and of global justice.

The “Resource Curse”: Lessons of the Third World

2015 ◽  
pp. 28-39
Author(s):  
V. Shmat
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Third World ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Resource Curse ◽  
The Third ◽  
National Institutions ◽  
Resource Nationalism ◽  
The Third World ◽  
First World

According to the hypothesis known as the “resource curse”, natural resources abundance is a brake on economic growth of many Third World countries. But is it really so? The author believes there are deeper reasons why the Third World in general – regardless of the amount of raw material resources available in each country – cannot achieve the same level of welfare as the First World. The “resource curse” theory looks for the origins of the resourceful countries’ economic problems in the institutional sphere. But this seems misleading because of excessively narrow “here and now” approach. The economic and socio-political institutions of individual countries are regarded in short periods of time when “curse” declared itself. Its typical manifestations, such as rent-seeking, stagnation or degradation of the institutions, authoritarian power, snowballing public debt and symptoms of Dutch disease, were seen in many Third World countries long before the development of the major sources of raw materials and regardless of the availability or absence of them. Therefore, it seems appropriate to speak of a kind of “three-fold institutional curse” as an explanation of continuing underdevelopment of many countries and territories. Poor national institutions in the Third World countries are not actually caused by the presence or absence of concentrated natural resources. This is the result of prior historical development with series of discrete transitions from one condition to another: from colonial status – to independent statehood; from poverty – to unexpected wealth mostly based on the exploitation of the natural resources. Qualitative transformation of national institutions usually lags far behind. As a consequence, institutional development enters into a state of stagnation (inhibiting or destabilizing economic growth) that can stretch for very long periods of time. The author concludes that the presence or absence of resources, in fact, has no fundamental impact on the nature of socio-economic development of Third World countries. The major reason hindering institutional progress has external nature, that is heavy economic dependence on the First World (coupled with informal political subordination). This circumstance begets the “resource nationalism” by the developing countries – exporters of raw materials and fuel. History of “resource nationalism” provides a useful lesson for Russia whose economy is features by growing dependency on resources. Acknowledgement. The article has been supported by a grant of the Russian Science Foundation. Project № 14-18-02345.

The Study of the Relationship between Natural Resource Abundance and Economic Growth

2013 ◽  
Vol 734-737 ◽  
pp. 3337-3341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhin Bin Li ◽  
Hong Juan Deng ◽  
An Shun Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Resource Abundance ◽  
The Relationship

The interrelationship between natural resource and economic development, hasn't reached an agreement. Some economists believe that rich natural resources promote economic growth. On the contrary, some economists think that rich natural resources hinder economic growth. Based on previous studies, this paper studies the relationship between natural resource and economic growth in our country. We try to explain the "Curse of Resources" through an example of Shanxi. Finally, we give some policy recommendations to avoid the "Curse of Resources".

scholarly journals THE MOTIVATIONAL EFFECT OF OIL EXPLORATION IN SOMALI AND THE HABITUAL AFRICAN RESOURCE CURSE

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Mahad Mohamed Sheik
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Resource Curse ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Regulatory Body ◽  
Oil Exploration ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Motivational Effect

Purpose: The abundance of natural resources is usually considered the blessing for the countries that own such resources. However, such wealth is often associated with poverty and a slower economic growth. This phenomenon is called the resource curse, and it shows that most countries that are rich in natural resources have markedly reduced economic growth and development, and it shows that the wealth of natural resources adversely affects their economies, although it is intuitively expected to be the opposite i.e. that such wealth would have a positive impact on the country’s economic development. The general objective of the study was to find out the motivational effect of oil exploration in Somali and the habitual African resource curse. Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps. Findings: The study found out that Oil resource exploration has led to progress in some developed economies such as Canada which was able to avoid the resource curse. This is because oil revenues helped Canada among other countries make investments in capital, build employment and grow. Other countries such as Russia and Japan have not been able to avoid the resource curse. African countries in general where the majority of oil producing nations are, have an inverse correlation between oil production and industrial development. Examples of African countries that have been affected by the resource curse are Nigeria, Angola, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Empirical results indicate that, Somalia motivation for oil exploration is for economic development. However, it has not been spared the resource curse because the presence of oil has led to civil wars and terrorisms as groups seek to control the areas with oil fields. In addition, Somali and Kenya have involved diplomatic warfare over oil reserves that are located in the Indian Ocean near their borders. Recommendations: The study recommends that the government should enact laws which will govern petroleum operations, as well as empowering the Somali Petroleum Authority,(SPA) which will act as a regulatory body overseeing oil and gas activity.

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