Lessons from Gettier

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan L. Kvanvig
Keyword(s):  
Middle Part ◽  
The Other ◽  
False Consciousness ◽  
Gettier Problem ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scientific Project ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
The Universe ◽  
The Gettier Problem ◽  
History Of Epistemology

This chapter argues that the literature surrounding the Gettier Problem arises from a kind of methodological false consciousness in the epistemology of the middle part of the twentieth century. The underlying methodology is contrasted with two paradigms within the history of epistemology: one prompted by the conversational context of scrapes with the skeptic and the other on the scientific project of trying to understand the universe and our place in it. These competing paradigms call for two quite different epistemological projects and we can separate the two projects in a way that sees them as complementary, unlike the picture that emerges from within the presuppositions of the Gettier literature. The resulting picture does not make the Gettier Problem go away, but implies a weaker claim, that it should not now be and never should have been a primary focus of epistemology.

Dualism in Iranian and Christian Traditions

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
François de Blois
Keyword(s):  
Cosmological Models ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Race ◽  
Indefinite Number ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Origin Of The Universe

Since the time when the human race first began to speculate about the origin of the universe there have been two cosmological models that have seemed particularly attractive to its imagination. One has been to derive everything in the world from a single primal origin, out of which the cosmos, in all its apparent complexity, evolves. The other has been to view the history of the universe as a battle between two opposing forces which contradict and undermine each other. The two views can be called monism and dualism. They are not the only possibilities. There have been systems that posit three, four or an indefinite number of principles, but most of these have also tended to assume one basic pair of opposites with one or more neutral or intermediate principles beside them; this too can be seen as a form of dualism.

The End of the Universe in Medieval Jewish Philosophy

AJS Review ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seymour Feldman
Keyword(s):  
General Principle ◽  
The Other ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Cosmological Principle ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Strict Interpretation ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Medieval Jewish Philosophy ◽  
The Universe

Both the Bible and the earliest Greek philosophers begin with accounts of the world's genesis. It is thus not surprising that medieval cosmological thought was preoccupied, perhaps obsessed, with the issue of creation. But what about the end of the world? If the universe had a beginning, does it necessarily have an end? Does creation imply destruction? On this topic the Bible is not so explicit and unambiguous. Greek philosophy, however, was virtually unanimous in claiming that whatever has a beginning will have an end, and that whatever will have an end had a beginning. If this cosmological principle is construed strictly, then the world's past and its future are essentially and necessarily linked together, such that the finitude of one entails the finitude of the other. This would mean that if the temporal history of the world is finite a pane ante, then by virtue of this cosmological principle it will have a temporal end a pane post. The most vigorous and detailed defense of the strict interpretation of this general principle was given by Aristotle, who attempted to prove it in his treatise On the Heavens. Henceforth, I shall refer to this principle as “Aristotle's theorem.”

Hegel's Philosophy of Nature

Dialogue ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-399
Author(s):  
James A. Doull
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Mind ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
The Other ◽  
Philosophy Of Nature ◽  
The Universe

Two translations into English of Hegel's Philosophy of Nature have appeared in the same year a century after the other parts of the Encyclopaedia—the Logic and the Philosophy of Mind—had been translated. The Victorian translator passed by the Philosophy of Nature, unconscious that to omit the middle part of a systematic work must certainly conceal the sense of the whole. He finds it a sufficient explanation that “for nearly half a century the study of nature has passed almost completely out of the hands of the philosophers into the care of the specialists of science.” Revived for a few years by Schelling and then Hegel, Philosophy of Nature only recalled “a time of hasty enthusiasms and over-grasping ambition of thought which, in its eagerness to understand the mystery of the universe, jumped to conclusions on insufficient grounds, trusted to bold but fantastic analogies, and lavished an unwise contempt on the plodding industry of the mere hodman of facts and experiments.” This modest retreat of philosophy before the specialists is not thought to need explanation, even though it was not only from the seeming extravagance of Schelling and Hegel but from the general preoccupation of philosophers since Bacon and Descartes with natural philosophy.

scholarly journals Local merger rates of double neutron stars

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (S346) ◽  
pp. 433-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martyna Chruslinska
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Universe ◽  
Common Envelope ◽  
Model Predictions ◽  
Angular Momentum Loss ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Rule Out

AbstractThe first detection of gravitational waves from a merging double neutron star (DNS) binary implies a much higher rate of DNS coalescences in the local Universe than typically estimated on theoretical grounds. The recent study by Chruslinska et al. (2018) shows that apart from being particularly sensitive to the common envelope treatment, DNS merger rates appear rather robust against variations of several factors probed in their study (e.g. conservativeness of the mass transfer, angular momentum loss, and natal kicks), unless extreme assumptions are made. Confrontation with the improving observational limits may allow to rule out some of the extreme models. To correctly compare model predictions with observational limits one has to account for the other factors that affect the rates. One of those factors relates to the assumed history of star formation and chemical evolution of the Universe and its impact on the final results needs to be better constrained.

scholarly journals Can noncommutativity affect the whole history of the universe?

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (03) ◽  
pp. 1750022 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Monerat ◽  
E. V. Corrêa Silva ◽  
C. Neves ◽  
G. Oliveira-Neto ◽  
L. G. Rezende Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perfect Fluid ◽  
Scale Factor ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Situation ◽  
Canonical Variables ◽  
History Of ◽  
Frw Cosmological Model ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Friedmann Robertson Walker

We study a classical, noncommutative (NC), Friedmann–Robertson–Walker (FRW) cosmological model. The spatial sections may have positive, negative or zero constant curvatures. The matter content is a generic perfect fluid. The initial noncommutativity between some canonical variables is rewritten, such that, we end up with commutative variables and a NC parameter. Initially, we derive the scale factor dynamic equations for the general situation, without specifying the perfect fluid or the curvature of the spatial sections. Next, we consider two concrete situations: a radiation perfect fluid and dust. We study all possible scale factor behaviors, for both cases. We compare them with the corresponding commutative cases and one with the other. We obtain, some cases, where the NC model predicts a scale factor expansion which may describe the present expansion of our universe. Those cases are not present in the corresponding commutative models. Finally, we compare our model with another NC model, where the noncommutativity is between different canonical variables. We show that, in general, it leads to a scale factor behavior that is different from our model.

scholarly journals Foki Szumejowego podróże do źródeł. Pępek ziemi w ujęciu Stanisława Vincenza

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 179-196
Author(s):  
Jakub Żmidziński
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Dead ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
The One ◽  
The Universe

FOKA SZUMEJOWY'S JOURNEYS TO THE SOURCE. THE NAVEL OF THE EARTH AS PRESENTED BY STANISŁAW VINCENZContinuing Jacek Kolbuszewski’s exegesis of the spatial orders in Stanisław Vincenz’s Na wysokiej połoninie On the High Mountain Pastures, the author of the article attempts to recreate the “philosophy of space” as formulated by the Homer of the Hutsuls. He carries out a detailed analysis of two fragments of the Hutsul epic: Maksym the seer’s story of a rock church from Barwinkowy wianek Periwinkle Wreath and Foka Szumejowy’s expedition to the navel of the earth described in Zwada Squabble. In both case inspirations from Dante’s Divine Comedy can be seen primarily in the expansion of space: on the one hand to include the world of the dead and on the other — the universe understood in Platonic terms. Both journeys also have many characteristics testifying to their initiation-related nature. Particularly important in this respect is the expedition undertaken by Foka and his friends to the source of the Cheremosh River deep inside the Palenica Mountain, on top of which Wincenty Pol placed the point where the borders of three countries — Poland, Hungary and Romania — met. Although in the light of modern research such a location of the old border between the three states is wrong, this is precisely where Vincenz places the navel of the earth. It appear as a distant echo of the omphalos stone from Delphi; a mystical place marked by extraordinarily dense symbolism: centre of the world, bringing together the heavenly and the earthly orders, the living and the dead, and annihilating the temporal dimension. The interpretation of the symbolism of Vincenz’s navel of the world is complemented by Klucz Key, which opens Zwada and in which the author suggests a universal dimension of the history of culture, and, at the same time, mystery-like nature of art, especially literature.]]>

scholarly journals Many-valuedness from a universal logic perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-90
Author(s):  
Jean-Yves Béziau
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
Paraconsistent Logic ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
The Other ◽  
Universal Logic ◽  
History Of Logic ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
The Universe

We start by presenting various ways to define and to talk about many-valued logic(s). We make the distinction between on the one hand the class of many-valued logics and on the other hand what we call “many-valuedness”: the meta-theory of many-valued logics and the related meta-theoretical framework that is useful for the study of any logical systems. We point out that universal logic, considered as a general theory of logical systems, can be seen as an extension of many-valuedness. After a short story of many-valuedness, stressing that it is present since the beginning of the history of logic in Ancient Greece, we discuss the distinction between dichotomy and polytomy and the possible reduction to bivalence. We then examine the relations between singularity and universality and the connection of many-valuedness with the universe of logical systems. In particular, we have a look at the interrelationship between modal logic, 3-valued logic and paraconsistent logic. We go on by dealing with philosophical aspects and discussing the applications of many-valuedness. We end with some personal recollections regarding Alexander Karpenko, from our first meeting in Ghent, Belgium in 1997, up to our last meeting in Saint Petersburg, Russia in 2016.

Anaxagorae Homoeomeria

Elenchos ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-148
Author(s):  
David Torrijos-Castrillejo
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
Specific Meaning ◽  
The One ◽  
The Universe

Abstract Aristotle introduced in the history of the reception of Anaxagoras the term “homoiomerous”. This word refers to substances whose parts are similar to each other and to the whole. Although Aristotle’s explanations can be puzzling, the term “homoiomerous” may explain an authentic aspect of Anaxagoras’ doctrine reflected in the fragments of his work. Perhaps one should find a specific meaning for the term “homoiomerous” in Anaxagoras, somewhat different from the one present in Aristotle. This requires a review of the sense of the two terms involved in it: “homoios” and “moira”. In other words, the following questions should be answered: what realities are named parts and to what whole do they belong? On the other hand, which similarity do they have to each another and to the whole? The author concludes that the parts are “all things”, which resemble each other and the universe as a whole because, according to Anaxagoras, they are all composed of all things.

The Attempt to Conceive the Absolute As A Spiritual Life

Philosophy ◽  
1927 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 137-152
Author(s):  
Harold H. Joachim
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Spiritual Life ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Universe

§ 1. “To the mind of the philosopher”, according to Plato,1 “there belongs a vision of all time and all being"; and certainly many of the great thinkers have made it their business to speculate about the omnitudo realitatis or the ens realissimum—about the universe as a whole and in its wholeness, or about that which is supremely real—in short (to use the most convenient term) about ‘ the Absolute ‘. It may be (as the history of philosophical speculation suggests) that this interest in the Whole lies at the heart of all genuine philosophy, giving to it its distinctive inspiration and character. It may be, on the other hand, that it is a misdirected solicitude—an anxiety to solve the inherently insoluble. The Absolute, we shall perhaps be told, is a vox nihili—a name for that which, being nothing, has no attributes ; or we, at least, can never hope to characterize it. All our available predicates, being drawn of necessity from a limited field, must ‘ come short‘must prove inadequate for so immense and so august a subject.

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