Dutch and German R-pronouns and P-stranding

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Máire Noonan
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Function Words ◽  
Clausal Structure ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
Different Parts

This chapter explores the fine structure of R-pronouns, spatial PPs, and P-stranding constructions. The guiding hypothesis and theoretical backdrop is that an extended clausal structure is generalized to all categories, including adpositions, (P). The empirical evidence comes from a comparison of the morphosyntactic distribution of the ‘r’ in German and Dutch so-called R-pronouns (locative pronouns) and P-stranding constructions, and from complex spatial PPs in Colloquial German. The chapter argues that a comparative approach to these closely related Germanic languages warrants the decomposition of function words into parts not traditionally recognized as morphemes. The morphemes making up locative pronouns (e.g. Dutch daar ‘there’) and place adpositions (e.g. German auf ‘on’) are shown to pronounce different parts of the clausal structure. A ramification of the analysis is that P-stranding in Dutch and German is in fact the stranding of a remnant phrase that contains the R-pronoun by a projection containing the preposition.

scholarly journals Toward a Quantitative Approach to the Specialness of Poetry: Taking Chang Hen Ge and Chang Hen Ge Zhuan as a Case Study

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 215824402110299
Author(s):  
Cong Zhang ◽  
Rui Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Function Words ◽  
New Perspective

The differences of linguistic features between Chang Hen Ge ( Ge) and Chang Hen Ge Zhuan ( Zhuan) have rarely been mentioned in the relevant fields. Nevertheless, these differences can best highlight the specialness of poetry, for the two works were written contemporaneously by two friends on the same subject, in distinct styles. This article employs quantitative methods and indicators to provide empirical evidence for the specialness of Ge through comparisons between the two. The results show that, on the premise of expressing the same subject in different styles, Ge does have certain linguistic characteristics compared with Zhuan. Its particularity is reflected not only in fewer repeat characters and words but also in their richness, as well as in the use of more content words and fewer function words. Moreover, all of these characteristics have had a great influence on Ge’s artistic level and dissemination. Through this study, we hope that our methods provide a new perspective and shed some light on this area.

scholarly journals Structural correlation and expression of chain connection in complex syntactic whole (based on the works by K. G. Abramov)

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-267
Author(s):  
Lyubov P. Vodyasova
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Main Method ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Word Combination ◽  
Structural Correlation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Explicit Communication ◽  
The Way

Introduction. The subject of the research is complex syntactic whole (CSW), the components of which are united by a chain connection. It identifies the structural correlation of this connection, and examines tools for its implementation. Materials and Methods. The material of the study is prosaic works by K. G. Abramov. The main method is descriptive. It was used to analysis of structural correlation and means of expression in the organization of CSW in the prose of the writer. Results and Discussion. The article revealed that chain connection can be defined by structural correlation, in other words, by which models form the members of related sentences that are related to each other, and by the way these models are expressed. It is noted that in the prosaic works by K. G. Abramov the following models are the most common: “subject – subject”, “subject – object”, “object – object” and their varieties. They can be made explicitly and implicitly. The means of expressing explicit communication are lexical repetition, implicit one is periphrasis and pronominal substitutions, adverb, etc. The writer also uses root words referring to different parts of speech (one of the correlating members of a sentence is usually a predicate). Conclusion. The components of CSW combined by chain connection are an expressive and fine structure. Consistently developable repetition (explicit or implicit) “glue” these components and make the impression of visualization; they are designed for artistic effect. From phrase to phrase repetitive structures (words, word combination) vary its syntactic role as members of the sentence and they also vary its composition.

Code-switching in online academic discourse

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-161
Author(s):  
Loy Lising ◽  
Pam Peters ◽  
Adam Smith
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Discourse Markers ◽  
Academic Discourse ◽  
Code Switching ◽  
World Englishes ◽  
Function Words ◽  
Dynamic Phase ◽  
Switching Patterns ◽  
Filipino Students ◽  
Using Data

Abstract World Englishes are the product of contact between English and other languages in multilingual habitats through the nativization phase. Yet the actual contexts of code-switching that contribute to the emerging regional variety have scarcely been described. This research focuses on code-switching among bilingual Filipino students, to illuminate this dynamic phase in varietal evolution. Using data from an online academic forum, it analyses the code-switching patterns within and between turns in the discussion, to see how they facilitate or inhibit the mobilization of Tagalog elements into code-mixed English. The data show intense levels of code-switching especially within individual turns. At the change of turns, the sequentiality principle is often set aside, and code-switching often involves Tagalog discourse markers and other function words. These include some elements noted two decades earlier (Bautista 1998) as potential features of evolving Philippine English, which have never been codified. The new data provide empirical evidence of how non-English elements are progressively taken up into World Englishes, in interactive use of English among bi-/multilingual speakers.

scholarly journals New insights into the morphology and evolution of the ventral pharynx and jaws in Histriobdellidae (Eunicida, Annelida)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Tzetlin ◽  
Nataliya Budaeva ◽  
Elena Vortsepneva ◽  
Conrad Helm
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Comparative Analyses ◽  
Maxillary Protraction ◽  
Jaw Apparatus ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Comprehensive Study

AbstractThe jaw apparatus in several annelid families represents a powerful tool for systematic approaches and evolutionary investigations. Nevertheless, for several taxa, this character complex has scarcely been investigated, and complete comparative analyses of all annelid jaws are lacking. In our comprehensive study, we described the fine structure of the jaw apparatus and the ventral pharyngeal organ (VPO) in Histriobdella homari – a minute ectocommensal of lobsters putatively belonging to the Eunicida – using different comparative morphological approaches, including SEM, TEM, CLSM and subsequent 3D reconstruction. The H. homari jaw apparatus is composed of ventral paired mandibles and dorsal symmetrical maxillae consisting of numerous dental plates, ventral carriers and an unpaired dorsal rod, and the general assemblage and arrangement of the different parts are highly comparable to those of other eunicid families. The jaw ultrastructure of histriobdellids resembles that of the families Dorvilleidae and (juvenile) Onuphidae. Furthermore, our data reveal that in the process of development of the jaw apparatus, the mandibles, maxillae II and unpaired dorsal rod are formed first, and the remaining maxillae and ventral carriers appear later. Notably, the muscular apparatus differs from that in Dorvilleidae and Onuphidae in terms of the number and arrangement of muscle fibers encompassing the jaws – not only because of the very small size of Histriobdella but also because histriobdellid maxillary protraction occurs due to straightening of the dorsal rod and thus requires a different muscular scaffold. Based on our investigations, the arrangement of the muscular apparatus of the jaws, the presence of paired ventral carriers and the dorsal rod, and the morphology of the ventral pharyngeal organ represent a histriobdellid autapomorphy. Our datasets form a basis for further comparative analyses to elucidate the evolution of Eunicida and jaw-bearing Annelida.

A comparative approach to syntactic change in the history of English

2005 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAN-WOUTER ZWART
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Collective Movement ◽  
West Germanic ◽  
Syntactic Change ◽  
History Of ◽  
Verb Placement ◽  
Germanic Languages

This programmatic article suggests that crucial aspects of syntactic change in the history of English derive from the resetting of a single parameter, the pied piping parameter. Whereas Old English (and the Modern Continental West Germanic languages) treats VP material individually, yielding characteristic patterns of object, particle, and verb placement, Modern English treats the VP as a collective, moving it to a position to the left of certain ‘low’ adverbs and adverbials. The shift from individual to collective movement is described in detail, with its repercussions on the position of the verb, its object(s), and the verbal particle. The emergence of a zero reflexive and the development of have as the exclusive perfect auxiliary are suggested to be long-term effects of the shift from individual to collective movement.

Stress Alternations and Vowel Length: New Evidence for an Underlying Nine-Vowel System in Swedish

1985 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stig Eliasson
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Vowel Length ◽  
Short Vowels ◽  
Process Oriented ◽  
Vowel Phoneme ◽  
Process Solutions ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Oriented Approach

This paper presents new empirical evidence for a process description of quantity in Swedish. Like most other Germanic languages, Swedish possesses a rich array of stress-governing derivational suffixes which cause stress and length alternations in the stems to which they are attached. Such alternations bear crucially on the choice between a unit-oriented or process-oriented approach to Swedish phonology. Inasmuch as 18-vowel-phoneme solutions presuppose lexically inherent vocalic length, they result in a multitude of morphophonemic alternations between long and short vowels. In process solutions, such quantitative alternations follow predictably from independently motivated rules. These results have important implications for the description of the phonemic system, phonotactics, rule component, and morphological structure of the language. The conclusions are directly valid also for Norwegian.

scholarly journals INTERCELLULAR CONNECTIONS IN THE OUTGROWING STOLON OF CORDYLOPHORA

1963 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 661-671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Overton
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Outer Surface ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Interstitial Cells ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Functional Zones ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Intercellular Connections

Outgrowth of the stolon in the hydroid Cordylophora has been studied at the cellular level. Staining experiments and histological examination indicate that the generative region of the stolon is at its base where interstitial cells are prominent. Cells in the ectoderm at the stolon tip appear to be actively synthesizing new perisarc as the tip advances over the substrate, rather than involved in proliferation. The fine structure of cellular relationships in these regions has been considered and an attempt has been made to correlate the structure and distribution of intercellular attachments with these various functional zones along the outgrowing stolon. Intercellular attachments are similar to those previously described in Hydra, but favorable cases provide a more complete description. The series of intercellular septa each consist of two electron-opaque bodies lying close together midway between the two plasma membranes and separated from the membranes by a region of lesser density. The plasma membranes contain electron-opaque and transparent regions which alternate with the septa. These regions extend over about 70 A. The position of intercellular connections relative to the outer surface of the cenosarc varies in different parts of the stolon.

A Comparative study of Gandhi and Nehru and in their Autobiographies

IJOHMN ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Singh
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Critical Attention ◽  
Comparative Treatment ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
Different Parts

Autobiography is usually defined as a retrospective narrative written about one’s life, in the first person and in prose. Such writing has appeared with increasing frequency in Western Literature since the beginning of nineteenth century but after World War II, it gained considerable significance. Now autobiographies all over the world and especially in India are extensively read and enjoyed, but paradoxically enough, they have received very scant critical attention, let alone comparative treatment. The comparative approach to literature enables us to widen our critical horizon and develop the concept of prevalent literary tendencies in the world as well as the different regions of a nation. The comparative study of authors belonging to the different nations should be preceded by that of authors belonging to the same country, preferably coming from two different parts of the country belonging to two different fields and professions. It is needless to say, that the comparative study aims at establishing the universality and oneness of human experience through the depiction of diverse peculiarities of it

scholarly journals Passive Bilingualism in the Iberian Peninsula

2018 ◽  
pp. 215-240
Author(s):  
Jan Mrva
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
General Level ◽  
Wrong Answer ◽  
Current Perspective ◽  
Germanic Languages ◽  
Linguistic Material ◽  
Different Parts

The purpose of this article is to describe passive bilingualism and the sociolinguistic situation in the Iberian Peninsula from the current perspective and to analyze the degree of passive bilingualism in this environment. In the first part, we introduce the reader to the problematic of passive bilingualism, and we attempt to define it using the contemporary theories made mainly in the field of Germanic languages. The practical part is dedicated to describing the hypothesis and the methodology that we applied when creating the questionnaire. In this part, we also include the demographic data of the respondents who completed the survey. Next is the analysis of the linguistic material, where we analyze: the number of correct and incorrect answers and the determination of success in different parts of the questionnaire; the possible causes of the wrong answer; the general level ofpassive comprehension in Galician, Catalan, Basque and Portuguese. In the discussion, we summarize, above all, the most important results of the analysis. Finally, we report on the pedagogical possibilities of the used languages.

scholarly journals Completeness of action in the Russian and German languages: comparative analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 140-150
Author(s):  
Liudmyla Bereza ◽  
◽  
Liudmyla Tkachenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Category ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Temporal Relationships ◽  
Comparative Aspect ◽  
Significant Research ◽  
Entire Complex ◽  
Germanic Languages

The aim of this research will be to conduct a comparative study of the category of aspectuality; that implies defining and analysing the whole complex of general and distinctive properties, characteristic of the languages under consideration, that is, Russian and German, revised in the comparative aspect. The research methods include descriptive method, distributive and introspective analyses. The authors indicate that today contrastive studies are especially relevant to identify common and distinctive features in systems of different languages. It is noted that actional and aspectual semantics, as well as the means of its expression, have become objects of study by linguists at the beginning of the 20th century. Attention is drawn to the actual domestic and foreign significant research in the field of aspectology of genetically unrelated languages, as well as languages that are in a distant genetic relationship. The form and tense of a verb are characteristics of temporality, since, for example, in the Slavic languages, the form organizes and determines temporal relationships. In contrast to the Slavic languages, in the Romance and Germanic languages, species relations are structured on the basis of temporal forms. The comparative approach to the study of time and species in languages belonging to different groups makes it possible to better understand the specifics of species-temporal relations. It is pointed out that the grammatical category of the species as a binary category is represented only in some languages. The need to distinguish between species as a grammatical category inherent in the Slavic languages and as a broad functional and semantic category that exists in all languages is emphasized, since it represents the entire complex of linguistic means that express the nature of the course of action. In the process of analyzing some texts, it was concluded that the absence of a grammatical category of the species in the German language does not indicate the absence of a corresponding concept. During the research, the authors came to the conclusion, that when studying the verb tense, it is necessary to take into account several other factors, apart from the verb forms: the context, the lexical, lexical-grammatical, grammatical and syntactic components, considered within the framework of their interaction in speech, since the functional-semantic field includes interacting means, united by the common function of expressing the semantic attribute of aspectuality, namely, grammar, lexical-grammatical and lexical means.

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