Excretion

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Burton ◽  
Margaret Burton
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Rectal Gland ◽  
Kidney Tubules ◽  
Endocrine Tissue ◽  
Haematopoietic Tissue ◽  
Kidney Liver

Excretion is the removal of metabolic wastes such as ammonia, carbon dioxide, ions and water as well as toxic xenobiotics and metals. The process involves the gills, kidney, liver and rectal gland (elasmobranchs and coelacanth). In the liver, amino acids, haemoglobin, steroids and molecules resulting from human activities are transformed to excretable products. The rectal gland excretes ions, notably Na+ and Cl−. The kidney in teleosts has a distinction between an anterior head-kidney containing haematopoietic tissue and endocrine tissue and the posterior region with nephrons (kidney tubules). Fish nephrons generally have a Malphigian corpuscle with a glomerulus but the structure varies between fish taxa and some marine teleosts lack a glomerulus. Control systems for fish excretion are unclear but it is expected that various hormones influence excretory homeostasis.

scholarly journals Nociceptin Increases Antioxidant Expression in the Kidney, Liver and Brain of Diabetic Rats

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 621
Author(s):  
Ernest Adeghate ◽  
Crystal M. D’Souza ◽  
Zulqarnain Saeed ◽  
Saeeda Al Jaberi ◽  
Saeed Tariq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Kidney Tubules ◽  
Onset Of Diabetes ◽  
Endogenous Antioxidants ◽  
Kidney Liver ◽  
Convoluted Tubules ◽  
The Brain

Nociceptin (NC) consists of 17 amino acids (aa) and takes part in the processing of learning and memory. The role of NC in the induction of endogenous antioxidants in still unclear. We examined the effect of NC on the expression of endogenous antioxidants in kidney, liver, cerebral cortex (CC), and hippocampus after the onset of diabetes mellitus, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry. Exogenous NC (aa chain 1–17; 10 µg/kg body weight) was given intraperitoneally to normal and diabetic rats for 5 days. Our results showed that catalase (CAT) is present in the proximal (PCT) and distal (DCT) convoluted tubules of kidney, hepatocytes, and neurons of CC and hippocampus. The expression of CAT was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the kidney of normal and diabetic rats after treatment with NC. However, NC markedly (p < 0.001) increased the expression CAT in the liver and neurons of CC of diabetic rats. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is widely distributed in the PCT and DCT of kidney, hepatocytes, and neurons of CC and hippocampus. NC significantly (p < 0.001) increased the expression of SOD in hepatocytes and neurons of CC and the hippocampus but not in the kidney. Glutathione reductase (GRED) was observed in kidney tubules, hepatocytes and neurons of the brain. NC markedly increased (p < 0.001) the expression of GRED in PCT and DCT cells of the kidney and hepatocytes of liver and neurons of CC. In conclusion, NC is a strong inducer of CAT, SOD, and GRED expression in the kidney, liver and brain of diabetic rats.

Whole body autoradiography and microautoradiography in eels after intra-arterial administration of 125I-labeled eel ANP

1996 ◽  
Vol 271 (4) ◽  
pp. R926-R935 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Sakaguchi ◽  
H. Suzuki ◽  
H. Hagiwara ◽  
H. Kaiya ◽  
Y. Takei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binding Sites ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Dorsal Aorta ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Whole Body Autoradiography ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Ventral Aorta ◽  
Interrenal Cells ◽  
Kidney Liver

125I-labeled eel atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) was administered into the ventral or dorsal aorta of freshwater (FW) and seawater (SW) eels, Anguilla japonica, and the major target organs were explored by whole body autoradiography. Localization of the ANP binding in the target organs was also examined at tissue and cell levels by microautoradiography using tissue sections. Whole body autoradiography revealed that the specific label was accumulated predominantly in the gill, with lesser amounts in the atrium, kidney, liver, and urinary bladder. Autoradiographic grains were most dense in the secondary lamellae of the gill, particularly on the side of the efferent filamental artery. Other binding sites in target tissues were the glomerulus of the kidney, epicardium and endocardium of the atrium, bile duct/blood vessels of the liver, and interrenal cells of the head kidney. There was no difference in the distribution and density of grains between injections into the ventral aorta and dorsal aorta, although, in the former, injected 125I-labeled eel ANP passes through the gill before reaching peripheral target tissues. There was a tendency for downregulation of ANP binding sites in SW eels, especially in the gill. These results show that specific ANP binding sites are present in organs that are implicated in osmoregulation and cardiovascular regulation in eels and further suggest that the number of ANP binding sites varies according to changes in the environmental salinity.

scholarly journals Monitoring Suhu Kelembaban dan Polusi Udara Berbasis Raspberry Pi 3 dengan Menggunakan Transmisi Radio Frekuensi

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Husnibes Muchtar ◽  
Rahmat Sabar Hakiki
Keyword(s):  
Automatic Control ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Automatic Control Systems ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Technology Control

Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan teknologi saaat ini di tandai dengan bermunculan nya alat-alat yang menggunakan sistem kontrol digital dan otomatis, teknologi menjadi hal yangan sangat berguna bagi kehidupan manusia, mulai dari teknologi mekanik, listrik dan komunikasi yang sangat membantu aktivitas manusia agar lebih mudah dan lebih efisien.Penggunaan teknologi komunikasi sistem kontrol dan monitoring. Dalam hal ini pengontrolan menggunakan Handy talky sebagai komunikasi dan raspberry PI 3 sebagai pengontrolnya. Sensor untuk mendeteksi lingkungan sekitar dan LCD untuk menampilkan hasil sensor. The development of science and technology is currently marked by the emergence of tools that use digital and automatic control systems, technology is becoming a very useful thing for human life, ranging from mechanical, electrical and communication technology which greatly helps human activities to be easier and more efficient. efficient.Use of communication technology control and monitoring systems. In this case the controller uses Handy talky as communication and raspberry PI 3 as the controller. Sensors to detect the surrounding environment and LCD to display sensor results.

scholarly journals MÉS ENLLÀ DE L’ESCALFAMENT GLOBAL

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carles Pelejero ◽  
Eva Calvo
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Present Decade ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Entire Planet

The footprint of human activities on the planet is so profound that many scientists are already suggesting that we have entered a new geological era, the Anthropocene. From among these activities, those that are accompanied by large emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) affect our entire planet and, especially, the oceans. Besides becoming warmer, the oceans are also growing progressively more acidic and less oxygenated. In this article we discuss the extent of these global stresses on the oceans after contextualising the disproportionate anthropogenic increase in CO2 and examining how it is distributed. We conclude with a discussion of mitigation possibilities that use the oceans themselves, stressing the urgent need to tackle the problem, especially during this present decade.

Adsorption of carbon dioxide on naturally occurring solid amino acids

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 3170-3176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sreedipta Chatterjee ◽  
Sadhana Rayalu ◽  
Spas D. Kolev ◽  
Reddithota J. Krupadam
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Naturally Occurring

COMPETITION BETWEEN AMINO ACIDS FOR TRANSPORT INTO EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA CELLS

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 1717-1735 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. Scholefield
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma ◽  
Carcinoma Cells ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Radioactive Carbon ◽  
Ehrlich Ascites ◽  
Competitive Inhibitors ◽  
Amino Acid Analogues

The cumulative entry of amino acids into Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells is due to the presence of active transport systems, each with its own specific range of substrates. Several amino acids and amino acid analogues may have an affinity for the same transport system and thus may inhibit transport of other amino acids by acting as competitive inhibitors or competitive substrates. Loss of methionine from ascites cells takes place by a diffusion process which obeys Fick's law. Leucine accumulation by ascites cells is small and is increased on addition of certain other amino acids. The increase is not due to inhibition of leucine oxidation as increase in the rate of production of radioactive carbon dioxide from labeled leucine also occurs. Kinetic aspects of these results are discussed.

scholarly journals Nickel-Catalyzed β-Carboxylation of Ynamides with Carbon Dioxide

Synlett ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (09) ◽  
pp. 1048-1052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryohei Doi ◽  
Taichi Okano ◽  
Iman Abdullah ◽  
Yoshihiro Sato
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Magnesium Salt ◽  
Reaction Efficiency

A nickel-catalyzed β-selective hydrocarboxylation of ynamides to give protected dehydro-β-amino acids was developed. The key to exclusive β-selectivity was the use of diethylzinc as a reductant in the presence of a magnesium salt. The reaction was conducted with bis(acetylacetonato)nickel(II) instead of costly and sensitive bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)nickel(0). In addition, the optimized ligand was inexpensive 1,5-cyclooctadiene. Investigation of the substrate scope revealed that both nitrogen and alkyne substituents have marked effects on the reaction efficiency. We obtained experimental clues that indicated the formation of a vinylzinc intermediate that forms a C–C bond with CO2.

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