Larval Ecology in the Face of Changing Climate—Impacts of Ocean Warming and Ocean Acidification

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Ocean Warming ◽  
Larval Ecology ◽  
Invasive Potential ◽  
Marine Communities ◽  
Bivalve Larvae ◽  
The Face ◽  
Invertebrate Larvae

Ocean warming and acidification are major climate change stressors for marine invertebrate larvae, and their impacts differ between habitats and regions. In many regions species with pelagic propagules are on the move, exhibiting poleward trends as temperatures rise and ocean currents change. Larval sensitivity to warming varies among species, influencing their invasive potential. Broadly distributed species with wide developmental thermotolerances appear best able to avail of the new opportunities provided by warming. Ocean acidification is a multi-stressor in itself and the impacts of its covarying stressors differ among taxa. Increased pCO2 is the key stressor impairing calcification in echinoid larvae while decreased mineral saturation is more important for calcification in bivalve larvae. Non-feeding, non-calcifying larvae appear more resilient to warming and acidification. Some species may be able to persist through acclimatization/adaptation to produce resilient offspring. Understanding the capacity for adaptation/acclimatization across generations is important to predicting the future species composition of marine communities.

scholarly journals A laboratory-based, experimental system for the study of ocean acidification effects on marine invertebrate larvae

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 441-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nann A. Fangue ◽  
Michael J. O'Donnell ◽  
Mary A. Sewell ◽  
Paul G. Matson ◽  
Anna C. MacPherson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Invertebrate Larvae

scholarly journals Proteomic response of marine invertebrate larvae to ocean acidification and hypoxia during metamorphosis and calcification

2013 ◽  
Vol 216 (24) ◽  
pp. 4580-4589 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mukherjee ◽  
K. K. W. Wong ◽  
K. H. Chandramouli ◽  
P.-Y. Qian ◽  
P. T. Y. Leung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Proteomic Response ◽  
Invertebrate Larvae

Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Ecology ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Larval Ecology ◽  
Larval Biology ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Pelagic Environment ◽  
Fundamental Phenomenon ◽  
Invertebrate Larvae

For more than a century, evolutionary biologists, ecologists, and oceanographers alike have been intellectually stimulated by marine invertebrate larval forms. In 1995, Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae, edited by the late Dr. Larry McEdward, captured the fundamental phenomenon and tremendous diversity of reproductive, biological, and oceanographic aspects of larval ecology. Now, more than twenty years later, this current edited volume provides an update to many of the original 13 chapters, while also reviewing several braches of larval ecology and evolution that have developed since. In Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae, authors review the origins of marine invertebrate larvae and the developmental mechanisms and ecological factors that may generate this great diversity, and how these microscopic organisms feed, develop, and behave in the pelagic environment. Whether actively swimming in the coastal seas or the deep abyss, larvae are often in motion and must settle on the seafloor; however, if delayed, they are susceptible to a multitude of consequences later in life. Now, in an age of change, larvae face a warmer, more acidic, and more toxic ocean than ever before. Responses to these stressors plus many other facets of larval biology can be broadly profiled, thanks to current technological advances. This edited volume provides a major synthesis of an important interdisciplinary field. It aims to foster stimulating discussions centered on the evolution and ecology of marine invertebrate larvae.

Physiology of Larval Feeding

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
Digestive Physiology ◽  
Larval Body ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Invertebrate Larvae

The functional properties of marine invertebrate larvae represent the sum of the physiological activities of the individual, the interdependence among cells making up the whole, and the correct positioning of cells within the larval body. This chapter examines physiological aspects of nutrient acquisition, digestion, assimilation, and distribution within invertebrate larvae from an organismic and comparative perspective. Growth and development of larvae obviously require the acquisition of “food.” Yet the mechanisms where particulate or dissolved organic materials are converted into biomass and promote development of larvae differ and are variably known among groups. Differences in the physiology of the digestive system (secreted enzymes, gut transit time, and assimilation) within and among feeding larvae suggest the possibility of an underappreciated plasticity of digestive physiology. How the ingestion of seawater by and the existence of a circulatory system within larvae contribute to larval growth and development represent important topics for future research.

scholarly journals Ecological effects of ocean acidification and habitat complexity on reef-associated macroinvertebrate communities

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1775) ◽  
pp. 20132479 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Fabricius ◽  
G. De'ath ◽  
S. Noonan ◽  
S. Uthicke
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Habitat Complexity ◽  
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Coral Cover ◽  
Ecological Effects ◽  
Macroinvertebrate Communities ◽  
Dead Coral ◽  
Marine Communities

The ecological effects of ocean acidification (OA) from rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) on benthic marine communities are largely unknown. We investigated in situ the consequences of long-term exposure to high CO 2 on coral-reef-associated macroinvertebrate communities around three shallow volcanic CO 2 seeps in Papua New Guinea. The densities of many groups and the number of taxa (classes and phyla) of macroinvertebrates were significantly reduced at elevated CO 2 (425–1100 µatm) compared with control sites. However, sensitivities of some groups, including decapod crustaceans, ascidians and several echinoderms, contrasted with predictions of their physiological CO 2 tolerances derived from laboratory experiments. High CO 2 reduced the availability of structurally complex corals that are essential refugia for many reef-associated macroinvertebrates. This loss of habitat complexity was also associated with losses in many macroinvertebrate groups, especially predation-prone mobile taxa, including crustaceans and crinoids. The transition from living to dead coral as substratum and habitat further altered macroinvertebrate communities, with far more taxa losing than gaining in numbers. Our study shows that indirect ecological effects of OA (reduced habitat complexity) will complement its direct physiological effects and together with the loss of coral cover through climate change will severely affect macroinvertebrate communities in coral reefs.

Assessment of ocean acidification and warming on the growth, calcification, and biophotonics of a California grass shrimp

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 1150-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlyn B. Lowder ◽  
Michael C. Allen ◽  
James M. D. Day ◽  
Dimitri D. Deheyn ◽  
Jennifer R. A. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Spectral Reflectance ◽  
Visual Communication ◽  
Carapace Length ◽  
Grass Shrimp ◽  
Ocean Warming ◽  
Increased Temperature

Cryptic colouration in crustaceans, important for both camouflage and visual communication, is achieved through physiological and morphological mechanisms that are sensitive to changes in environmental conditions. Consequently, ocean warming and ocean acidification can affect crustaceans’ biophotonic appearance and exoskeleton composition in ways that might disrupt colouration and transparency. In the present study, we measured growth, mineralization, transparency, and spectral reflectance (colouration) of the caridean grass shrimp Hippolyte californiensis in response to pH and temperature stressors. Shrimp were exposed to ambient pH and temperature (pH 8.0, 17 °C), decreased pH (pH 7.5, 17 °C), and decreased pH/increased temperature (pH 7.5, 19 °C) conditions for 7 weeks. There were no differences in either Mg or Ca content in the exoskeleton across treatments nor in the transparency and spectral reflectance. There was a small but significant increase in percent growth in the carapace length of shrimp exposed to decreased pH/increased temperature. Overall, these findings suggest that growth, calcification, and colour of H. californiensis are unaffected by decreases of 0.5 pH units. This tolerance might stem from adaptation to the highly variable pH environment that these grass shrimp inhabit, highlighting the multifarious responses to ocean acidification, within the Crustacea.

scholarly journals Dynamic response in the larval geoduck clam proteome to elevated pCO2

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Timmins-Schiffman ◽  
José M. Guzmán ◽  
Rhonda Elliott ◽  
Brent Vadopalas ◽  
Steven B. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Molecular Physiology ◽  
Proteomics Analysis ◽  
Bivalve Larvae ◽  
Energetic Stress ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Aquaculture Industry ◽  
Ph Conditions

AbstractPacific geoduck clams (Panopea generosa) are found along the Northeast Pacific coast where they are significant components of coastal and estuarine ecosystems and the basis of a growing and highly profitable aquaculture industry. The Pacific coastline, however, is also the sight of rapidly changing ocean habitat, including significant reductions in pH. The impacts of ocean acidification on invertebrate bivalve larvae have been widely documented and it is well established that many species experience growth and developmental deficiencies when exposed to low pH. As a native of environments that have historically lower pH than the open ocean, it is possible that geoduck larvae are less impacted by these effects than other species. Over two weeks in larval development (days 6-19 post-fertilization) geoduck larvae were reared at pH 7.5 or 7.1 in a commercial shellfish hatchery. Larvae were sampled at six time points throughout the period for a in-depth proteomics analysis of developmental molecular physiology. Larvae reared at low pH were smaller than those reared at ambient pH, especially in the prodissoconch II phase of development. Competency for settlement was also delayed in larvae from the low pH conditions. A comparison of proteomic profiles over the course of development reveal that these differing phenotypic outcomes are likely due to environmental disruptions to the timing of molecular physiological events as suites of proteins showed differing profiles of abundance between the two pH environments. Ocean acidification likely caused an energetic stress on the larvae at pH 7.1, causing a shift in physiological prioritization with resulting loss of fitness.

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