Symbols and Motifs

Author(s):  
Erica Wickerson

This chapter takes a broader approach to the analysis of subjective temporal experience. It explores the ways in which particular images that have symbolic value or motifs that gain additional significance through their repetition further the sense of temporal movement across a text. The analysis focuses on Buddenbrooks, The Magic Mountain, Tonio Kröger, and includes a comparative analysis with Theodor Storm’s Immensee, which served as an inspiration for Mann. It builds on Genette’s terminology to suggest that there is a difference between shifts in temporal perspective and shifts in temporal location, both of which, it is argued, can be prompted by or encapsulated through symbolic images. The chapter also proposes the concept of ‘meta-muthos’ whereby a single image may contain the overall plot structure of a narrative in miniature and thereby have multidirectional temporal power, which complicates the reader’s sense of narrative time.

Author(s):  
Гульзада Гадульяновна Багаутдинова

Жанровая природа «Фрегата “Паллада”» И. А. Гончарова сложна и эклектична. Несмотря на ее мозаичность, структура текста отличается четкостью, она выверена и хорошо продумана. В этом произведении повествуется о разных странах, континентах, а также населяющих их народах и этносах. В статье рассматривается одна из глав книги с точки зрения художественно-этнологического дискурса: автор-повествователь описывает нравы, род занятий, этнические особенности китайского народа, но делает это весьма живо, занимательно, эмоционально, т. е. на художественном уровне. Основным композиционным принципом произведения «Фрегат “Паллада”» становится сопоставление: выявляются сходные и отличительные признаки китайского и других этносов (американцев, англичан, русских). Кроме того, показаны и этнические особенности разных групп китайцев (китайцы Шанхая, Гонконга, Сингапура). В результате сопоставительного анализа автор приходит к выводу, что глава «Шанхай» написана большим писателем-беллетристом, не документалистом: Гончаров использует художественные приемы, определившие своеобразие его художественного мира, в том числе и романного (разнообразные ритмообразующие факторы; изящные и тонкие проявления комического начала; «архитектурную» структурированность; четкую и аргументированную авторскую позицию; гуманизм). The genre nature of The Frigate "Pallada" by Ivan Goncharov is complex and eclectic. Despite its mosaic character, the structure of the text looks precise and elaborate. The novel tells about foreign countries, continents, and nations living there. The paper focuses on one chapter of the novel; its artistic ethnology is regarded. The author-narrator depicts customs, occupations, and ethnic peculiarities of the Chinese people in a vivid, amusing, emotional way thus providing an artistic level of the description. The main principle of plot structure is the one of comparison: similar and peculiar features of the Chinese and other nations (Americans, Englishmen, Russians) are defined. Moreover, ethnic peculiarities of various groups among the Chinese are displayed (people of Shanghai, Hong Kong, and Singapore). Summing up the comparative analysis, the author concludes that the chapter entitled Shanghai seems to be written by a belletrist rather than by a documentary writer. Ivan Goncharov resorts to artistic devices typical of his fiction and novels (a variety of rhythm making factors; graceful and subtle manifestations of the comic; architectural structure; author’s viewpoint, well-grounded and precise; humanism)


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 2409-2422
Author(s):  
Iryna M. Yevchenko ◽  
Andrii M. Masliuk ◽  
Nataliia M. Podolyak ◽  
Olena L. Girchenko

Self-affirmation acts as one of the main determinants of the formation of a person, who can be socially active, have his or her own position and views, be able to defend and prove them, know the rights, adequately evaluate opportunities and be responsible for the actions. With the help of the questionnaire "Strategies of self-affirmation of personality" (N.E. Harlamenkov, E.P. Nikitin), we found out the strategies of self-affirmation of students. This knowledge will enable us to work properly to optimize the choice of strategies for self-affirmation by young people. For a harmonious existence of the personality, a consistent approach to different time perspectives is required. For a psychologist to work with a person it is important to understand the priority of the temporal perspective, because the time perspective reflects the settings, beliefs and values associated with time. With the help of the questionnaire "The Time Perspective of Personality" by F. Zimbardo, we outlined the time perspective of the respondents with different strategies of self-affirmation, and we conducted a comparative analysis of the results obtained at different time intervals. The results of the conducted study will provide further development of the training program for the formation of the student’s ability to constructive self-affirmation.


Author(s):  
Erica Wickerson

Time matters to all of us. It dominates everyday discourse: diaries, schedules, clocks, working hours, opening times, appointments, weekdays and weekends, national holidays, religious festivals, birthdays, and anniversaries. But how do we, as unique individuals, subjectively experience time? The slowness of an hour in a boring talk, the swiftness of a summer holiday, the fleetingness of childhood, the endless wait for pivotal news: these are experiences to which we all can relate and of which we commonly speak. How can a writer not only report such experiences but also conjure them up in words so that readers share the frustration, the excitement, the anticipation, are on tenterhooks with a narrator or character, or in melancholic mourning for a time long since passed which we never experienced ourselves? This book suggests that the evocation of subjective temporal experience occurs in every sentence, on every page, at every plot turn, in any narrative. It offers a new template for understanding narrative time that combines close readings with analysis of the structural overview. It enables new ways of reading Thomas Mann, but also suggests new ways of conceptualizing narrative time in any literary work, not only in Mann’s fiction and not only in texts that foreground the narration of time. The range of Mann’s novels, novellas, and short stories is compared with other nineteenth- and twentieth-century works in German and in English to suggest a comprehensive approach to considering time in narrative.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Vinay Kehar ◽  
Vinay Chopra ◽  
Bhupesh Kumar Singh ◽  
Shailendra Tiwari

Haze degrades the spatial and spectral information of outdoor images. It may reduce the performance of the existing imaging models. Therefore, various visibility restoration models approaches have been designed to restore haze from still images. But restoring the haze is an open area of research. Although the existing approaches perform significantly better, they are not so effective against a large haze gradient. Also, the effect of hyperparameters tuning issue is also ignored. Therefore, a brightness channel prior (BCP) based dehazing model is proposed. The gradient filter is utilized to improve the transmission map computed using the gradient filter. Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm is also used to optimize the initial parameters of the BCP approach. The comparative analysis shows that BCP performs effectively across a wide range of haze degradation levels without causing any visible artifacts.


2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Sanders ◽  
Kobie van Krieken

AbstractThis study examines the linguistic construal and cognitive representation of time and viewpoint in the genre of news narratives. We present a model of mental spaces that involves a News Space in which the deictic center is construed of the news actors at the time the newsworthy events took place, and a Reality Space in which the deictic here-and-now center of journalist and reader is construed. This model explains how the dynamic representation of narrative news discourse, characterized by shifts in time and viewpoint, is steered by linguistic devices. An analysis of Dutch news narratives shows that temporal adverbs such as yesterday and shifts from present tense to past tense may signal a move forward in narrative time, to a viewpoint in the future relative to the narrative now-point, rather than backward. These atypical time shifts can be accounted for by presupposing an Intermediate Space located at a point in time between the News Space and the Reality Space where the progression of narrative time comes to a halt and experiences are rather relived than reported. The salience of the Intermediate Space may be signaled by quotative conditionals reflecting the viewpoints of implicitly quoted sources. These results clarify how tense and temporal deixis steer the linguistic construal of time and viewpoint in news narratives, demonstrating that time and viewpoint are closely linked in the cognitive representation of these narratives.


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