Risk of COVID-19 Introduction into the Scottish Hebrides and Strategies for Control

Background In the context of an outbreak the natural boundaries of islands can allow for control of movements between populations. We estimate the risk of introduction of COVID-19 to each of the Hebridean islands situated off the west coast of mainland Scotland due to individual movements, and explore control strategies to mitigate this risk.Methods We use a combination of real human mobility data and census data to generate seasonally varying patterns of human movements amongst the Hebrides and from elsewhere. We consider three distinct periods: each of summer and winter 2019, illustrating a year prior to the pandemic, and summer 2020 illustrating a "pandemic summer". Movements during these periods serve as input to simulate COVID-19 transmission from the mainland to the archipelago in a stochastic meta-population model allowing us to explore the impact of seasonal variations on the risk of introduction and the effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions.Results Despite strong seasonality in movement patterns, partly driven by tourism, for islands closely connected to the mainland there is evidence of substantial risk of disease introduction even over winter. In summer, when the risk is the highest, some islands can delay the introduction of COVID-19 by over six weeks, i.e. beyond the summer holiday period, through a 70% reduction of movements. Conclusion A high introduction risk in winter will be of particular concern if COVID-19 becomes a seasonal respiratory infection affecting temperate areas in winter concomitantly with other seasonal infections such as flu.For some islands, control of movements in peak summer tourist season has the potential for delaying the introduction risk beyond the summer holiday period, i.e. beyond a period of high mobility of people, potentially inducing a risk for rapid spread. Such measures would be particularly relevant in the occurrence of a variant escaping the vaccine given the current progress of the vaccine roll-out. However, such restrictions must be balanced against indirect negative economic impacts that might result.

Naptej, fürdőruha… + helyi termék? A helyi termékek iránti kereslet a Balatont turisztikai céllal felkeresők körében : Suntan lotion, swimwear… + local products? The demand for local products among leisure travellers to Lake Balaton

Napjainkban egyre több figyelmet kap az egészség, az egészséges életmód, melynek szerves része az egészséges, helyi alapanyagokra épülő étkezés. A nem élelmiszer jellegű termékek esetében is reneszánszát éljük a helyben, kis mennyiségben készült produktumoknak. Mindezen tendenciák éreztetik hatásukat a Balaton térségében: az elmúlt években zajlott fejlesztések kedveznek a helyi termékek iránti kereslet növekedésének – az igényeket a vendéglátóhelyek, a piacok és a fesztiválok autentikus termékekkel, szolgáltatásokkal, jó minőségű ajándéktárgyakkal igyekeznek kielégíteni. A helyi termékek autentikusan reprezentálhatják a célterületet, támogatják a fenntartható termelést és fogyasztást, és a turisztikai élménynek is van egy kézzelfogható eleme. Kutatásunk fókuszában a Balatont turisztikai céllal felkeresők állnak. A kvantitatív megkérdezés azt vizsgálta, hogy az utazók számára a helyi termékek mennyire vonzóak, vásárolnak-e és ha igen, hol az utazás során. Az utazók háromnegyede 2-3 helyi terméket vásárolt a Balatonnál, a termék típusától függően eltérő helyszíneken. A vásárlás helyszínét megvizsgálva arra teszünk javaslatokat, hogy a helyi termékek esetében az értékesítési csatornák közül milyen kombinációk alkalmazhatóak leghatékonyabban a nyári időszakban pihenési, kikapcsolódási céllal a Balatonhoz utazó látogatók körében. Health and healthy life-style are gaining importance in today’s world, and eating habits, including local ingredients and products, are often in focus. Non-food and local (not mass-produced) products are also enjoying a ’renaissance’, with their low-volume items. All of these trends influence tourism around Lake Balaton: recent developments support the increased demand for local products – catering establishments, markets and festivals aim to meet the demands with authentic products, services and good quality souvenir items. Local products are an authentic representation of the destination, support sustainable production and consumption. At the same time, tourist experience includes ‘tangible’ factors. Our research focuses on the leisure travellers to Lake Balaton. The quantitative survey’s main objective is to map what kind of local products are bought and where do travellers buy them when visiting the lake and surroundings. Results show that three-quarters of the travellers buy 2-3 local products in various places (depending on the type of the product) during their trip to Lake Balaton. Mapping the places for buying local products (differentiating food and non-food items) may help in the selection of successful distribution channels in order to reach summer holiday tourists – who are still the dominant segment – during their vacation.

Influences of Lifestyle Profiles and Problematic Internet Use on Mental Distress in University Students

Hong Kong university students suffer a high prevalence of mental distress, but their lifestyle behaviors are not well-understood. We aimed to examine the relationship between mental distress, lifestyle behaviors, and problematic Internet use of this student population during the summer holiday and term-time. A two-cohort contrast group survey study was conducted. Students were surveyed in July during the summer holiday and September during term-time. The General Health Questionnaire-12, Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II, and Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale 2 were administered to measure mental distress, lifestyle behaviors, and problematic Internet use. 949 students (summer=467; term-time=482; Mage±SD, 20.11±1.54) participated in the study. Students reported statistically significant lower mental distress and higher spiritual growth during the summer holiday compared to term-time. The results of Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) found that spiritual growth was directly associated with reduced mental distress and problematic internet use, and indirectly associated with reduced mental distress through a negative correlation with problematic internet use. Problematic internet use was positively correlated with mental distress. Physical activity was more associated with better mental health during the summer holiday and for female students. In contrast, Health management was associated with better mental health during term-time and for male students. In conclusion, spiritual growth supports mental health improvement and counters problematic internet use in university students in general, factors such as physical activity and health management show differential influences based on gender and time of year. Results may help inform the development of student support workshops in higher education.

Effect of the COVID-19 global pandemic on tourists’ preferences and marketing mix of accommodation facilities – case study from Czech Republic

Research background: Two related effects of the COVID-19 global pandemic on tourism and hospitality in the Czech Republic are already evident for the upcoming summer months. In the first place, it is the effect on the Czech tourists’ preferences. The pandemic forced them to reconsider their plans and, as a result, it is evident that more tourists will spend summer only in the Czech Republic. This change in preferences is connected with a second effect, concerning the strategies of the domestic accommodation facilities - their managers should adapt marketing mix to meet the demand of Czech clients, because unlike the previous years, these tourists will become their main target group. Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper is to identify the preferences for summer holiday in 2020 of the Czech tourists who have decided to spend summer holiday only in the Czech Republic because of the COVID-19 global pandemic as well as to find out their wants in terms of accommodation facilities’ marketing mix. Methods: During spring 2020, a survey of 637 respondents was conducted to determine the preferences of the Czech tourists for summer holiday in 2020. This paper is focused on the analysis of data from respondents who decided to spend this year’s summer holiday only in the Czech Republic (a total of 202 respondents). Findings & Value added: Based on the results, we will define findings for accommodation facilities regarding the possible update of marketing mix to meet the actual demand of Czech tourists.

'The best holidays I ever had': the benefits of social tourism programmes for children at risk of poverty and social exclusion.

This chapter analyses children's participation in the social tourism programme promoted by the 'O Século' Foundation in Portugal. A literature review is first presented, which discusses both the constraints of poverty and social exclusion in childhood and the relevance of social tourism programmes in mitigating its effects and promoting social inclusion. The chapter then presents an analysis of 131 questionnaires and 132 drawings, collected during the 2014 summer holiday camps of the 'O Século' Foundation. Results are discussed in terms of children's motivations, satisfaction levels and perceived benefits from the social tourism programme.

'The best holidays I ever had': the benefits of social tourism programmes for children at risk of poverty and social exclusion.

This chapter analyses children's participation in the social tourism programme promoted by the 'O Século' Foundation in Portugal. A literature review is first presented, which discusses both the constraints of poverty and social exclusion in childhood and the relevance of social tourism programmes in mitigating its effects and promoting social inclusion. The chapter then presents an analysis of 131 questionnaires and 132 drawings, collected during the 2014 summer holiday camps of the 'O Século' Foundation. Results are discussed in terms of children's motivations, satisfaction levels and perceived benefits from the social tourism programme.

External Ophthalmomyiasis Caused by Oestrus Ovis (A Case Report)

The work deals with atypical conjunctival infection of Czech patient with Oestrus ovis larvae. Ophthalmomyiasis is infestation of mammalian eyes by the larvae or worms of some flies. The most common cause of human myiasis is the Sheep. Shepherds are infected in habitats, but human eye disease outside the areas of abundant hamsters is rare. We describe a case of eye disease in a middle-aged man from the Czech Republic who spent a summer holiday seven weeks before examination in the north of Greece. During the first examination he was completely treated and no further problems were reported. Ophthalmomyiasis externa should be considered as a possible infection of travelers to the southern endemic regions when returning with an acute causeless onset of a one-sided foreign body sensation in the eye.

Errata ao artigo “Estimativa do Excesso de Mortalidade Durante a Pandemia COVID-19: Dados Preliminares Portugueses”, publicado em Acta Med Port 2020 Jun;33(6):376-383

Article published with errors: https://www.actamedicaportuguesa.com/revista/index.php/amp/article/view/13928On page 376, in Abstract, paragraph Results, where it reads: ”Despite the inherent uncertainty, it is safe to assume an observed excess mortality of 2400 to 4000 deaths. Excess mortality was associated with older age groups (over age 65).”It should read: “An excess mortality of 2400 to 4000 deaths was observed. Excess mortality was associated with older age groups (over age 65).”On page 376, in Abstract, paragraph Conclusion, where it reads: ”The excess mortality occurred between March 1 and April 22 was 3 to 5 fold higher than what can be explained by the official COVID-19 deaths.”It should read: “Despite the inherent uncertainty, the excess mortality occurred between March 1 and April 22 could be 3.5- to 5-fold higher than what can be explained by the official COVID-19 deaths.”On page 376, in Resumo, paragraph Conclusão, where it reads: “Da análise dos resultados é possível concluir que o excesso de mortalidade ocorrido entre 1 de março e 22 de abril foi 3 a 5 vezes superior ao explicado pelas mortes por COVID-19 reportadas oficialmente.”It should read: “Apesar da incerteza inerente, da análise dos resultados é possível concluir que o excesso de mortalidade ocorrido entre 1 de março e 22 de abril poderá ter sido 3,5 a 5 vezes superior ao explicado pelas mortes por COVID-19 reportadas oficialmente.”On page 377, last line of the first paragraph, where it reads: “If the lockdown had some protective effect on overall mortality, like summer holiday months seem to have, these effects may be observed some, if not all, age groups.”It should read: “If the lockdown had some protective effect on overall mortality, like summer holiday months seem to have, these effects may be observed in all age groups.”On page 377, section Results, third paragraph, last sentence where it reads: “Mortality in the younger age groups was, on average, below the proposed baselines, as hypothesized.”It should read: “Mortality in the younger age groups was, on average, lower than the proposed baselines as theorized.”On page 382, section Conclusion, last sentence, where it reads: “Overall, these results point towards an excess mortality that is associated with and that is 3 to 5-fold higher than the official COVID-19 mortality.” It should read: “Overall, these results point towards an excess mortality that is associated with and that could be 3.5- to 5-fold higher than the official COVID-19 mortality.” Artigo publicado com erros: https://www.actamedicaportuguesa.com/revista/index.php/amp/article/view/13928Na página 376, no Abstract, parágrafo Results, onde se lê: “Despite the inherent uncertainty, it is safe to assume an observed excess mortality of 2400 to 4000 deaths. Excess mortality was associated with older age groups (over age 65).”Deverá ler-se: “An excess mortality of 2400 to 4000 deaths was observed. Excess mortality was associated with older age groups (over age 65).”Na página 376, no Abstract, parágrafo Conclusion, onde se lê: “The excess mortality occurred between March 1 and April 22 was 3 to 5 fold higher than what can be explained by the official COVID-19 deaths."Deverá ler-se: “Despite the inherent uncertainty, the excess mortality occurred between March 1 and April 22 could be 3.5- to 5-fold higher than what can be explained by the official COVID-19 deaths.”Na página 376, no Resumo, parágrafo Conclusão, onde se lê: “Da análise dos resultados é possível concluir que o excesso de mortalidade ocorrido entre 1 de março e 22 de abril foi 3 a 5 vezes superior ao explicado pelas mortes por COVID-19 reportadas oficialmente.”Deverá ler-se: “Apesar da incerteza inerente, da análise dos resultados é possível concluir que o excesso de mortalidade ocorrido entre 1 de março e 22 de abril poderá ter sido 3,5 a 5 vezes superior ao explicado pelas mortes por COVID-19 reportadas oficialmente.”Na página 377, na última linha do primeiro parágrafo, onde se lê: “If the lockdown had some protective effect on overall mortality, like summer holiday months seem to have, these effects may be observed some, if not all, age groups.”Deverá ler-se: “If the lockdown had some protective effect onoverall mortality, like summer holiday months seem to have, these effects may be observed in all age groups.”Na página 377, secção Resultados, terceiro parágrafo última frase, onde se lê: “Mortality in the younger age groups was, on average, below the proposed baselines, as hypothesized.”Deverá ler-se: “Mortality in the younger age groups was, on average, lower than the proposed baselines as theorized.”Na página 382, secção Conclusion, última frase, onde se lê: “Overall, these results point towards an excess mortality that is associated with and that is 3 to 5-fold higher than the official COVID-19 mortality.”Deverá ler-se: “Overall, these results point towards an excess mortality that is associated with and that could be 3.5- to 5-fold higher than the official COVID-19 mortality.”

Negotiating boundaries in a hybrid climate: The story of a trans-disciplinary documentary film research

How can one apply trans-disciplinary methods to a practice-based research? The article addresses this question through a self-reflexive piece on a transdisciplinary documentary film presented as a Ph.D. research. The research focuses on the summer holiday practices of veiled women in Turkey to explore the triangular relationship between bodies, spaces and practices. The author argues that a trans-disciplinary research requires a multimethodological approach and demonstrates how documentary film analysis, fieldwork, participant observation, interviews, ethnographic filmmaking and documentary film practice can be applied together methodologically. Additionally, the article explores how artistic methods and narratives are used by the researcher to visually represent veiled women. Concepts such as negotiating through boundaries, third space and hybridity constitutes the recurring themes of the article.