The Harms of Trade III

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
The Right ◽  
Development Prospects

This chapter concludes our enquiry into the harms of trade. It addresses the ethical implications of the fact that trade can harm individuals by destroying jobs and undermining cultural distinctiveness. It argues that, under certain conditions, concerns about socio-economic losses and cultural degradation can justify trade restrictions. However, it also argues that developed countries may restrict trade only on the condition that the restrictions they impose do not reduce the development prospects of poor countries. Towards the end of the chapter, the right of developing countries to restrict trade with developed countries is defended.

CLASSIFICATION OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES INTO THE WORLD ECONOMY

2017 ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
Iu. Khvatov
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

The basic principles that guide the United Nations to allocate specific groups of countries requiring special attention from the international community to the problems of their sustainable development are described. The difference in the scale and structure of aid to the least developed countries; landlocked developing countries; small island developing countries and heavily indebted poor countries is analyzed. The specificity of the approach of the World Trade Organization to the definition of countries with preferential access to the markets and the countries with differential treatment regime is revealed. The criteria that guided the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to identify those developing countries which have the right of access to preferential lending conditions are analyzed. It is proposed to divide all the developing countries on: high-income emerging economies; middle-income frontier economies and least developed countries.

IMPACT OF NATIONAL DISASTER COVID-19, INDONESIA TOWARDS ECONOMIC RECESSION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
endang naryono
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
National Disaster

Covid-19 or the corona virus is a virus that has become a disaster and a global humanitarian disaster began in December 2019 in Wuhan province in China, April 2020 the spread of the corona virus has spread throughout the world making the greatest humanitarian disaster in the history of human civilization after the war world II, Already tens of thousands of people have died, millions of people have been infected with the conona virus from poor countries, developing countries to developed countries overwhelmed by this virus outbreak. Increasingly, the spread follows a series of measurements while patients who recover recover from a series of counts so that this epidemic becomes a very frightening disaster plus there is no drug or vaccine for this corona virus yet found, so that all countries implement strategies to reduce this spread from social distancing, phycal distancing to with a city or country lockdown.

Labour Observatories for Agricultural Policymaking and Sustainable Development

2014 ◽  
pp. 56-63
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Agricultural Policies ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
The Right

Assimilation of relevant information within a labour observatory is a key to success of an observatory. Management of such relevant information and its dissemination to the right audience at the right time is also important. In this regard, a labour observatory plays a very important role for successful operationalization of agricultural policies within developing countries. Historical information regarding soil, crop varieties, agricultural practices, and skill of agricultural labourers needs to be maintained by a labour observatory. Information from the observatory has to be communicated to policy makers for making a pragmatic decision in developing countries with large agriculturally dependent populations. These decisions can impact the lives of this population and can impact the sustainable development of these countries. Initiatives related to labour observatory started more than a decade back in developed countries. It has now begun in parts of Africa, too. The chapter highlights these developments and contextualizes the association between these observatories, agricultural policymaking, and sustainable development.

Ethics Review on Externally- Sponsored Research in Developing Countries

2009 ◽  
pp. 112-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Bagheri
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Ethics Committees ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Ethics Committee ◽  
Benefit Sharing ◽  
Sponsored Research ◽  
Poor Countries

This chapter elaborates on some of the existing concerns and ethical issues that may arise when biomedical research protocols are proposed or funded by research institutes (private or public) in developed countries but human subjects are recruited from resource-poor countries. Over the last two decades, clinical research conducted by sponsors and researchers from developed countries to be carried out in developing countries has increased dramatically. The article examines the situations in which vulnerable populations in developing countries are likely to be exploited and/or there is no guarantee of any benefit from the research product, if proven successful, to the local community. By examining the structure and functions of ethics committees in developing countries, the article focuses on the issues which a local ethics committee should take into account when reviewing externally-sponsored research. In conclusion, by emphasizing capacity building for local research ethics committees, the article suggests that assigning the national ethics committee (if one exists) or an ethics committee specifically charged with the task of reviewing externally-sponsored proposals would bring better results in protecting human subjects as well as ensuring benefit-sharing with the local community.

Aid for trade

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Stiglitz ◽  
Andrew Charlton
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Transition Costs ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Aid For Trade ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
First Time ◽  
Trading Regime

Adjustment to a post‐Doha trading regime will be disproportionately costly and difficult for developing countries. Increased aid is vital for the poor countries if they are to grasp the opportunities provided through trade and meet transition costs. With aid‐for‐trade, for the first time, the developed countries have another bound and meaningful commitment that they can offer developing countries. Our proposal to provide new resources to meet adjustment needs, however, does not suggest that trade, when combined with aid, will be a panacea for developing countries. Interactions between trade, aid, and broader development policies and reforms are important.

Potentials of Online Media and Location-Based Big Data for Urban Transit Networks in Developing Countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 2537 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey Lantz ◽  
Sakib Khan ◽  
Linh B. Ngo ◽  
Mashrur Chowdhury ◽  
Sarah Donaher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Online Media ◽  
Urban Transit ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Transit Networks ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Bus Networks ◽  
The Right

Big data, collected in the form of social media posts and mobile phone location tracking, have great potential to inform and manage the planning and operation of transit networks in developing countries. Data are widely available, but the challenge, as with developed countries, is figuring out how best to use it. A case study method was used to consider approaches in Nairobi, Kenya; Istanbul, Turkey; and Dhaka, Bangladesh. In Nairobi, GPS location data were collected to generate the first map of the complex Matatu transit network. In Istanbul, automated fare collection systems were processed to understand better the usage of a bus rapid transit system. In Dhaka, researchers were collecting GPS positioning data to manage the city bus networks. Residents of these developing cities were frequent users of online media, as in many cities in the developing countries. This study revealed that integration of online media with location-based data provided a big data scenario that had the potential for supporting transit operations while posing challenges to the management of data mobility. It is not realistic to apply a one-size-fits-all approach to any problem in the developing world, but together the case studies show that with the right approach, technical capacity in transitional cities has the potential to grow to support higher-level data processing and make more efficient and more sustainable policy decisions for crucial urban transit networks in developing countries.

scholarly journals How Should We Measure City Size? Theory and Evidence Within and Across Rich and Poor Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (203) ◽  
Author(s):  
Remi Jedwab ◽  
Prakash Loungani ◽  
Anthony Yezer
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
City Size ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Interior Space ◽  
Sufficient Statistic ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
City Population ◽  
Standard Urban Model

It is obvious that holding city population constant, differences in cities across the world are enormous. Urban giants in poor countries are not large using measures such as land area, interior space or value of output. These differences are easily reconciled mathematically as population is the product of land area, structure space per unit land (i.e., heights), and population per unit interior space (i.e., crowding). The first two are far larger in the cities of developed countries while the latter is larger for the cities of developing countries. In order to study sources of diversity among cities with similar population, we construct a version of the standard urban model (SUM) that yields the prediction that the elasticity of city size with respect to income could be similar within both developing countries and developed countries. However, differences in income and urban technology can explain the physical differences between the cities of developed countries and developing countries. Second, using a variety of newly merged data sets, the predictions of the SUM for similarities and differences of cities in developed and developing countries are tested. The findings suggest that population is a sufficient statistic to characterize city differences among cities within the same country, not across countries.

scholarly journals How Does the Global Economy Crisis Influence in Managing Investment in Indonesia

The Winners ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 147
Author(s):  
Enggal Sriwardiningsih
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Subprime Mortgage ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Mortgage Crisis ◽  
The World ◽  
Liquidity Crisis ◽  
Growing Economy

July 2007 is the beginning of the world’s subprime mortgage crisis. Since then, the world’s liquidity crisis occurred and never found any solution until now. The liquidity crisis began to spread from developed countries to poor countries, developing countries and emerging markets with two channels. This contagious crisis made growing economy and emerging economy fell. No country in the world survived, including Indonesia. This paper discussed the management of investments in Indonesia. It started from the spread of global crisis to Indonesia and its impact on investment in Indonesia. Then, we discussed the government's efforts to encourage investment. The last was the view of the investment for the next three years (2010-2014)

scholarly journals The TRIPS Article 31 Tug of War Developing Country Compulsory Licensing of Pharmaceutical Patents and Developed Country Retaliation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Volman
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Law ◽  
Free Trade Agreements ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Pharmaceutical Patents ◽  
Compulsory Licensing ◽  
The Right ◽  
Restrictive Measures

My dissertation examines compulsory licensing under Article 31 of the TRIPS Agreement by looking at the use of such licensing by developing countries, as well as retaliatory and restrictive measures imposed by developed countries. In doing so, it looks at the right to health, and price and intellectual property considerations for access to medicines in developing countries. It further explores the TRIPS compulsory licensing rules themselves to present compulsory licensing as a legitimate, and at times necessary, policy measure under international law. Then, it examines how compulsory licensing has been used and restricted since TRIPS, and how the compulsory licence relates to voluntary licensing and international free trade agreements, both of which are factors for the development of compulsory licensing strategies in developing countries.

scholarly journals New International Economic Order (NIEO): Origin, Elements and Criticisms

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Fesseha Mulu Gebremariam
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
International Economic ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Economic Order ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Order ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The Cost ◽  
New System

Employing secondary sources of data this paper aims to assess the history, elements, and criticisms against New International Economic Order (NIEO). NIEO is mainly an economic movement happened after WWII with the aim of empowering developing countries politically through economic growth. It also criticizes the existing political and economic system as benefiting developed countries at the cost of developing countries so that a new system is needed that benefits poor countries. However, many criticize NIEO as hypothetical and unorganized movement. Clear division and disagreements among its members is evident. Developing countries failed to form unity, committed to meet the objectives of NIEO, and unable to compete in the market.

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