Militarization and Violence in the Postcolonial State, 1949–1967

2020 ◽  
pp. 113-144
Author(s):  
Laura Robson
Keyword(s):  
State Violence ◽  
Political Life ◽  
New Era ◽  
American Intervention ◽  
Postcolonial State ◽  
Mutual Antagonism ◽  
The Creation

The end of the 1948 war marked a new era across the Mashriq in which postcolonial actors from Israel to Iraq to Syria consolidated their gains through the creation of forms of state rule centered on violence, increasingly directed against internal enemies. Despite their mutual antagonism and their very different—indeed, actively oppositional—paths to nation-statehood, Israel, Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon in many ways followed similar trajectories during the subsequent two decades: they all became ethnically and communally defined nations in which postcolonial administrations enforced boundaries of citizenship and political belonging through the deliberate deployment of state violence against particular communities—defined both ethnically and politically—within their borders. This institutionalization of violence at the heart of the postcolonial state unfolded in a context of continued British, French, and, increasingly, Soviet and American intervention in the economic and political life of the Mashriq.

Data for Alabama Taxation and Changing Discourse from Reconstruction to Redemption

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kasey Hendricks
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
General Role ◽  
Proposition 13 ◽  
New Era ◽  
Princeton University

At their most basic level taxes carry, in the words of Schumpeter ([1918] 1991), “the thunder of history” (p. 101). They say something about the ever-changing structures of social, economic, and political life. Taxes offer a blueprint, in both symbolic and concrete terms, for uncovering the most fundamental arrangements in society – stratification included. The historical retellings captured within these data highlight the politics of taxation in Alabama from 1856 to 1901, including conflicts over whom money is expended upon as well as struggles over who carries their fair share of the tax burden. The selected timeline overlaps with the formation of five of six constitutions adopted in the State of Alabama, including 1861, 1865, 1868, 1875, and 1901. Having these years as the focal point makes for an especially meaningful case study, given how much these constitutional formations made the state a site for much political debate. These data contain 5,121 pages of periodicals from newspapers throughout the state, including: Alabama Sentinel, Alabama State Intelligencer, Alabama State Journal, Athens Herald, Daily Alabama Journal, Daily Confederation, Elyton Herald, Mobile Daily Tribune, Mobile Tribune, Mobile Weekly Tribune, Morning Herald, Nationalist, New Era, Observer, Tuscaloosa Observer, Tuskegee News, Universalist Herald, and Wilcox News and Pacificator. The contemporary relevance of these historical debates manifests in Alabama’s current constitution which was adopted in 1901. This constitution departs from well-established conventions of treating the document as a legal framework that specifies a general role of governance but is firm enough to protect the civil rights and liberties of the population. Instead, it stands more as a legislative document, or procedural straightjacket, that preempts through statutory material what regulatory action is possible by the state. These barriers included a refusal to establish a state board of education and enact a tax structure for local education in addition to debt and tax limitations that constrained government capacity more broadly. Prohibitive features like these are among the reasons that, by 2020, the 1901 Constitution has been amended nearly 1,000 times since its adoption. However, similar procedural barriers have been duplicated across the U.S. since (e.g., California’s Proposition 13 of 1978). Reference: Schumpeter, Joseph. [1918] 1991. “The Crisis of the Tax State.” Pp. 99-140 in The Economics and Sociology of Capitalism, edited by Richard Swedberg. Princeton University Press.

A New Era

2020 ◽  
pp. 155-170
Author(s):  
Richard C. Crepeau
Keyword(s):  
Head Injuries ◽  
Revenue Sharing ◽  
Network Coverage ◽  
New Era ◽  
Public Issues ◽  
Search Committee ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Diversity Committee ◽  
The One ◽  
Legal Advisor

Paul Tagliabue was a logical choice to succeed Pete Rozelle as Commissioner given his two decades as chief legal advisor to the league. It took fifty hours of debate by the search committee, four owners meetings, and eleven ballots to reach this logical decision. His first major achievement was coming to a labor settlement with Gene Upshaw and the NFLPA. Al Davis was instrumental in this process. This set the stage for the next round of television contracts netting $33M/team/year over the next four years and an expansion of network coverage and DirecTV. Then came expansion and relocation of franchises. Tagliabue moved to expand NFL involvement in public issues including moving the Super Bowl out of Arizona over the MLK Day controversy. Internal issues included the revenue sharing policies that were under threat by Jerry Jones and Dallas. The market was also expanded with the creation of NFL Properties led by Sara Levinson from MTV and a direct appeal to women fans. NFL Revenue increased significantly. Race continued to be a major issue. There was an increase in black quarterbacks, but no significant change in coaching and executive ranks. A Diversity Committee was created in 2002 and the Rooney Rule was adopted I 2004 with initial promising results but it was not sustained over the next 15 years. In March of 2004 Tagliabue announced his retirement amidst great praise for this time as Commissioner. The one issue that he failed to address was that of concussions and head injuries.

The Beginnings of the Catholic Renaissance

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Gleason
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
New Era ◽  
American Life ◽  
War Effort ◽  
The Creation ◽  
National Headquarters ◽  
Emotional Solidarity ◽  
The Church

The beginnings of the Catholic Renaissance in the United States were closely linked to the experience of American Catholics in the First World War. As we saw in Chapter 3, mobilization of Catholic energies to meet the wartime crisis led to the creation of the National Catholic War Council. The NCWC’s success in coordinating Catholic participation in the war effort, and the recognition it gained as the representative agency of the church in matters of broad national interest persuaded Catholic leaders that it should be perpetuated after the war. That was accomplished in 1919, when the War Council was transformed into the National Catholic Welfare Council (later National Catholic Welfare Conference). The creation of a national headquarters and staff not only gave the church a more effective voice in public affairs, it also enhanced Catholic visibility and served notice that a new era of purposeful Catholic participation in American life was about to begin. These developments had a tonic effect on Catholic morale and reinforced the sense of emotional solidarity with, and responsibility to, the nation that had grown out of the shared experience of wartime mobilization. The earliest manifestations of the Catholic Revival in the United States emerged from this matrix and took the form of a new kind of Catholic Americanism. There were, of course, certain points of similarity between the Americanism of the war and postwar years and that of the 1890s. Both versions, for example, reflected intense patriotic feeling, and both urged Catholics to identify with, and participate in, American life. Moreover, Cardinal Gibbons, who presided over the creation of the War Council and its transformation into the permanent NCWC, constituted a living link between the two eras. Yet no real effort was made to portray the new Americanism as a continuation of the earlier version. Reticence on this point made good sense tactically, since in 1899 Pope Leo XIII had condemned the opinions that “some comprise under the head of Americanism.”

scholarly journals A Challenge to the Creation of Polymers of the New Era

Kobunshi ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Masahiro KAKUGO
Keyword(s):  
New Era ◽  
The Creation

Book Reviews

2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 781-786
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
London School ◽  
New Era ◽  
The World ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
London School Of Economics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Research Institute

Gary Yohe of Wesleyan University reviews “The Global Deal: Climate Change and the Creation of a New Era of Progress and Prosperity” by Nicholas Stern,. The EconLit Abstract of the reviewed work begins “Considers how to create a global deal to take action to reduce the impact and damage of climate change in the world. Discusses why there is a problem and how we can deal with it; the dangers; how emissions can be reduced, and at what cost; adapting to climate change; ethics, discounting, and the case for action; policies to reduce emissions; individuals, firms, communities--the power of example; the structure of a global deal; building and sustaining action; and a planet in peril. Stern is IG Patel Chair in Economics and Government and Chair of the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change at the London School of Economics. Bibliography; index.”

Beyond Naxalbari: A Comparative Analysis of Maoist Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in Independent India

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 832-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Kennedy ◽  
Sunil Purushotham
Keyword(s):  
Large Degree ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
State Violence ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Political Autonomy ◽  
Market Expansion ◽  
Maoist Insurgency ◽  
History Of ◽  
State And Market ◽  
Typical Model

AbstractThis paper demonstrates that there have been three distinct waves of Maoist insurgency in India since 1947. We construct an ideal typical model of Maoist insurgency that is used to compare the roles played by local populations, insurgents, and state counterinsurgency measures across space and time. This allows us to demonstrate that the commonly accepted narrative of Indian Maoist insurgency must be fundamentally rethought. The Naxalbari outbreak in 1967 and the subsequent insurgency in West Bengal is generally agreed to be the central point in the history of Maoist insurgency in India. But our analysis demonstrates that it was comparatively short-lived and atypical. We instead trace the genealogy of Indian Maoism to Telengana in the late 1940s. The common feature linking all three waves is the persistence of insurgent activity among various tribal or adivasi communities in the central Indian “tribal belt.” Their overriding grievances are the historically iniquitous relationships produced by the processes of state and market expansion that have incorporated and subordinated adivasi populations who previously had a large degree of socioeconomic and political autonomy. The state's counterinsurgency strategy has consisted of violence combined with developmental and governance interventions. This has pushed Maoist insurgency to the margins of Indian political life but has been unable to eliminate insurgent activity or address the fundamental grievances of adivasis. We conclude by arguing that Maoist insurgency in India should not be considered as crime to be resolved by state violence, or as an economic problem requiring the intensification of developmental measures, but as a matter of politics.

scholarly journals Panteleimon Kulish as a Ukrainian informator (based on epistolary literature)

Obraz ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (32) ◽  
pp. 30-38
Author(s):  
Kateryna Tymofieieva
Keyword(s):  
Political Life ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
National Consciousness ◽  
Educational Activities ◽  
Critical Writing ◽  
National Space ◽  
Epistolary Literature ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Dignified Life

The article is devoted to the coverage of the epistolary work of Panteleimon Kulish, who by his titanic work was able to cover all spheres of the then cultural and political life of Ukraine and to become an informant. The purpose of the article is to identify the communicative and informational components in the cultural and political activity of P. Kulish. Through persistent and tireless publishing, journalistic, translation, literary-critical, writing, pedagogical, historical-ethnographic work and public-political and educational activities, Kulish has proved to be a brilliant Ukrainian informant. All of Kulish’s informative activity was aimed at the ascending mission – awakening the national consciousness of the Ukrainian people! The creation of the Ukrainian national space is the key to the successful and dignified life of the Ukrainian people. Keywords: P. Kulish, epistolary, communication, informative activity, national consciousness.

scholarly journals Formation of monument protection activities in Soviet Belarus in the years of «thaw» (1953–1968)

2021 ◽  
pp. 86-96
Author(s):  
Alexander A. Huzhalouski
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Local State ◽  
Political Life ◽  
National Heritage ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Cultural Monuments

The author analyses the change in state policy, as well as the revival of public initiative in the field of protection of cultural monuments, as a result of the liberalisation of social and political life in Soviet Belarus during the «thaw». Public speeches of cultural figures, scientists, teachers, journalists served as an impetus for the actions of republican and local state bodies, who decided the fate of national heritage objects. The state officials and society representatives efforts undertaken during the period under review resulted with the creation of the Belarusian voluntary society for the protection of historical and cultural monuments (1966), the State inspectorate for the protection of historical, artistic, architectural and archaeological monuments (1967), as well as with the adoption of «On the protection of cultural monuments» law (1969).

Cyber-Physical Systems: Project Management Approach: the introduction of BIM

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
Ольга Ильина ◽  
Olga Ilina
Keyword(s):  
Project Management ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
Cyber Physical Systems ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
New Era ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Project Management System ◽  
Complex Development ◽  
The Creation

In the era of the digital economy, the task of developing approaches to project management, the subject area of which is at the intersection of IT and real production processes, becomes especially urgent. This clearly demonstrates the challenges of the construction industry, where today the tasks of complex development of territories, the construction of unique facilities and structures are being solved, all based on modern information technologies. In fact, we are talking about a new era in construction — the era of cyber-physical systems. All this predetermines the need to change the methodology of project management in this area. As a methodological basis of project management for the creation of cyber-physical systems in the design, construction and operation of construction sites, an integrated methodological solution is proposed, formed on the basis of the synthesis of methodologies existing in project management. A scheme for the formation of the project management system for the creation of cyber-physical systems is developed on the basis of the project management methodology, which includes elements of project management methodologies such as PMBOK, P2M, PRINCE2, Agile (SCRUM).

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